# test_infor21

Test Name:
Factor V Leiden Mutation andPT 20210 Mutation


Test Name:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C resistance


Why:
To screen for bleeding from the gut/intestine, which may be an indicator of bowel cancer

When:
The test is used to screen for bowel cancer especially as part of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. It may also sometimes be used when a patient has a family history of cancer of the intestine and some other organs, when symptoms are suspicious of gut cancer or to help diagnose long-term unexplained anaemia if imaging tests, such as colonoscopy, are unavailable.

Test Prep:
For guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) special dental, dietary and drug restrictions may be recommended. These tests detect any blood that enters the digestive tract. Therefore, steps that are taken to avoid introducing blood into the digestive tract will increase

Test General info:
The faecal occult blood test (FOB) or faecal immunological test (FIT) checks for blood in your faeces. Normally, there will not be enough blood lost through the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines) to turn a FOB positive or for you to notice it

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bowel cancer
Screening: Screening Tests for Adults (50 and up)
In the News: Five-minute screen at sixty can cut bowel cancer deaths


Test Name:
Faecal Occult Blood Test and Faecal Immunochemical Test


Why:
To find out whether the amount of iron in your blood is normal.

When:
Serum iron blood tests are not performed routinely. Most often, serum iron levels are tested if your doctor thinks that you might have too much iron in your blood. A high iron level can be due to a genetic condition, extensive blood transfusions, or rarely due to ingestion of an overdose of iron (usually in children).
Previously, serum iron was also commonly requested when iron deficiency was suspected. However, it is now recommended that the amount of stored iron (in the form of ferritin) rather than serum iron is measured to aid diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia. Ferritin analysis gives a measure of body iron stores and is a better indicator of iron deficiency than measuring the iron in blood. However, serum iron blood tests can help to identify when anaemia is due to a long-term (chronic) illness.

Test Prep:
Samples for iron should be taken in the morning, before you have had any food to eat. You should not take any iron tablets for 24 hours before the test. Iron is absorbed rapidly from food or tablets, and can make your blood iron levels falsely high.
The

Test General info:
The iron test measures the amount of iron that is circulating in the liquid part of blood bound to transferrin (a transport protein). Iron is an essential trace element in your blood. It is necessary for forming healthy red blood cells. Approximately 70%

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis, pregnancy


Related Tests:
Serum Iron, Ferritin; TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin; Zinc protoporphyrin; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit

Why:
To evaluate your body`s current store of iron

When:
When your doctor suspects that you may have too little or too much iron in your system

Test Prep:
Your doctor may request that you fast for 12 hours prior to some iron blood tests. In this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Iron is an essential nutrient. It is needed in small quantities to help form normal red blood cells (RBCs). Iron is a critical part of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it as blood travels to other par

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Haemochromatosis


Other Names:
ZPP; ZP; Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin; FEP

Related Tests:
Serum iron; TIBC; Ferritin; Lead; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; Porphyrin tests; Heavy metals

Why:
To screen for and monitor chronic exposure to lead; as an aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children

When:
When you have been chronically exposed to lead, or when your doctor suspects lead poisoning

Test General info:
The test measures the concentration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in the blood.  ZPP is present in blood in trace amounts and is formed during the production of haem.  Concentrations of ZPP are increased in patients with lead poisoning and iron deficiency.


When:
When your doctor suspects that  you have either too little or too much iron or too much iron in your system

Test Prep:
You may be instructed to fast for 12 hours before the test; in this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Within cells, iron is stored as protein complexes called ferritin and haemosiderin. Ferritin is the main storage complex and is present mostly in the liver, but also in the bone marrow, spleen, and muscles. Small amounts of ferritin also circulate in the

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests Overview
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis


Why:
To learn about the levels of iron stored in your body


Formal Name:
First Trimester Screen [Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as either free beta subunit or total hCG, and nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound]

Related Tests:
Triple Screen or Quad Screen; hCG; Amniotic Fluid Analysis; Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To assess the risk of a foetus having a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).

When:
Usually between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm. Measurement of nuchal translucency (NT) requires a special ultrasound examination to be performed.

Test Prep:
You may be requested to have a full bladder when having the nuchal translucency ultrasound scan performed. Having a full bladder when you attend for your scan usually makes it easier to see the baby clearly and measure the nuchal translucency.
The Test

Test General info:
The first trimester screen is a combination of two blood tests and a special ultrasound scan that are used to assess a pregnant woman`s risk of carrying a baby with Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21). Performing and evaluating them together, along with the woma


Test Name:
First Trimester Screen Down’s Syndrome Screen


Related Tests:
Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose

Why:
To measure the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood in order to establish the correct dose, maintain therapeutic levels and detect toxic levels

When:
As soon as tacrolimus therapy begins, frequently at first then at regular intervals to monitor concentrations over time

Test Prep:
Have the blood sample collected 12 hours after the last dose and/or immediately prior to the next dose or as directed by your doctor
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of tacrolimus in the blood. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally or intravenously to patients who have had a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ transplant. It is a powerful drug that helps to prevent

Related Diseases:
Tests: Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose
Features: Pharmacogenomics


Why:
To identify the type or strain of flu virus that you have

When:
If your doctor wants to determine whether your flu-like symptoms are due to a particular type or strain of the influenza virus, or due to other causes

Sample Type:
Usually a nose or throat swab
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that tends to be seasonal, beginning in late November and disappearing in early spring. It is a common respiratory (affecting the lungs) illness that causes headaches, fever, chills, muscle pains, exhaustion, a stu


Test Name:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody , ANA ELISA


Other Names:
Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin; Folic Acid; RBC folate

Related Tests:
FBC; Methylmalonic acid (MMA); Homocysteine

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of anaemia or neuropathy (nerve damage), to evaluate nutritional status in some patients, to monitor effectiveness of treatment for B12 or folate deficiency

When:
When you have large red blood cells, when you have symptoms of anaemia and/or of neuropathy. When you are being treated for B12 or folate deficiency

Test General info:
These tests measure the concentration of folate and vitamin B12 in the serum (liquid portion of the blood). The amount of folate inside the red blood cell (RBC) may also be measured - it will normally be at a higher concentration inside the cell than in t

Related Diseases:
Tests: FBC, Coeliac disease tests, Homocysteine, Methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Conditions: Anaemia, Alcoholism, Autoimmune disorders, Coeliac disease, Cystic fibrosis, HIV, Neuropathy,Pregnancy


When:
When you have peptic ulcers and/or diarrhoea and abdominal pain that your doctor suspects is caused by excess gastrin; periodically to monitor for a gastrinoma recurrence

Test Prep:
You should fast for 12 hours and avoid alcohol for 24 hours prior to the test. Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking certain stomach medicines for several days before the test.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called G-cells in the stomach during the digestive process. When food is eaten, the stomach b


Why:
To screen for infection with HPV, some types of which are associated with cervical cancer

When:
If you are sexually active, have symptoms of HPV infection (genital warts), or have an irregular cervical smear test

Sample Type:
A sampling of cells from the cervical area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV), a virus that can cause skin warts and genital warts (also called condylomata) and that has been linked to cervical, penile, and other forms of genital cancer.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Sexually transmitted diseases, Cervical cancer


Why:
To determine if you have had a recent or past infection with the rubella virus, or to check that you are protected from the rubella virus

When:
If you plan to get pregnant or have symptoms of rubella infection

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm (this may need to be repeated after 7 days), oral fluid, a throat swab, or other more invasive samples such as amniotic fluid depending on symptoms.

Test General info:
Rubella is a viral infection that causes a fine red rash and flu-like symptoms, such as a high temperature, headache and a general feeling of being unwell. The raised red rash appears first on the face and neck and travels to the body and limbs. Teenagers


When:
When you have symptoms of mercury poisoning, to evaluate a known exposure to mercury, or to monitor occupational exposure to mercury

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm and/or a urine collection

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed.  
The Test

Test General info:
Mercury is an element that exists in three forms:
Metallic or elemental mercury. This form can be found in dental fillings, some thermometers and batteries. 
Inorganic mercury where it has combined with other elements such as oxygen or sulphur to form a


Related Tests:
Haemoglobin Electrophoresis; Isoelectric Focusing; Haemoglobin S Solubility; Haemoglobin Fractionation by HPLC; Haemoglobinopathy Evaluation, Full Blood Count, Blood Film, Iron Tests

Why:
To screen for the presence of sickle cell trait or to confirm the presence of sickle cell disease

When:
If you are of Afro-Carribean descent to determine if you carry one or both genes for sickle cell disease and for antenatal screening. There are other ethnic minorities in whom the sickle gene is found and should be tested if index of clinical suspicion is high.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm. In children, a blood sample from a finger-prick or heel-prick

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed; however, testing for diagnosis should not be performed after a recent blood transfusion.
The Test

Test General info:
Blood is tested for the presence of Haemoglobin S (HbS), which is a genetic variant of the protein haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is found inside red blood cells (RBCs) and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to all of the tissues and organs of th


Other Names:
Herpes Culture; Herpes Simplex Viral Culture; HSV DNA; HSV by PCR; HSV-1 or HSV-2 IgM or IgG; HSV-1; HSV-2; HHV1; HHV2

Why:
To screen for or diagnose infection with herpes simplex virus

When:
If you have symptoms of an infection with herpes simplex virus

Sample Type:
A swab or scraping from a blister or sore in the infected area

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by herpes simplex virus, a common sexually transmitted disease that causes small blisters (vesicles) on the mouth or genitals. The blisters seen around the oral cavity and in the mouth are commonly called “col


Related Tests:
Cholesterol; LDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile

Why:
To find out the risk of developing heart disease

When:
As part of a health check with a cholesterol test or lipid profile particularly if you:
have a family history of cholesterol disorders 
have a family history of heart attacks, especially at a young age 
are overweight 
have diabetes 
have thick yellow patches (xanthelasmata) around your eyes or elsewhere on your skin (xanthomata) 
have high blood pressure 
have had acute inflammation of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis) 
are a smoker

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or from a finger-prick
The Test Sample

Test General info:
HDL is one of the classes of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. HDL is thought to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal. Hence HDL cholesterol is often called “good” choles


Test Name:
High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T


Why:
If you have been diagnosed with HIV and are receiving anti-viral therapy that is not working effectively

When:
If your HIV viral load values rise steadily even though you are receiving anti-viral therapy

Test General info:
In genotypic resistance testing, the genetic code of the particular strain of HIV a patient has is checked to see if there any genetic mutations that are known to cause drug resistance. HIV is said to be resistant to an antiviral medication if it keeps mu


Why:
To monitor the status of HIV disease in conjunction with other lab tests and physical disease progression and to guide therapy.  Your viral load levels are usually used as an indicator of how well your immune system is dealing with HIV. If you are on anti

When:
When first diagnosed with HIV, every 4 weeks at the start of therapy, and every 3-4 months during long-term therapy, or as your doctor recommends

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of HIV in your blood. This test detects and/or measures the amount (viral load) of RNA (nucleic acid) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood. It is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).


Related Tests:
Cardiac risk assessment; serum folate; serum vitamin B12

Why:
To find out if you are at high risk of a heart attack or stroke; also used to determine if you are folate-deficient or vitamin B12-deficient as blood homocysteine concentration can be raised in both conditions

When:
If you have had a heart attack or stroke, particularly in the absence of traditional risk factors or as part of a cardiac risk assessment

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken by needle from a vein in the arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test measures the level of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing amino acid that is normally present in very small amounts in all cells of the body. Homocysteine is a product of methionine metabolism, and methionine is one o


Formal Name:
Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor status

Why:
To determine whether a breast cancer tumour is positive for oestrogen and/or progesterone receptors, which helps to guide treatment and determine prognosis

When:
If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer and your doctor wants to determine whether the tumour`s growth is influenced by the hormones oestrogen and/or progesterone

Sample Type:
A sample of breast cancer tissue obtained during a biopsy or a tumour removed surgically during a lumpectomy or mastectomy

Test General info:
Oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors are specialised proteins found within certain cells throughout the body. These receptors bind the female hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, which both circulate in the blood.

Many breast cancer tumours


Related Tests:
FBC; Reticulocyte count; Blood film; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; Bilirubin; Direct antiglobulin test

Why:
To help detect and evaluate haemolytic anaemia

When:
When you have signs of jaundice, or of anaemia such as weakness, paleness, or breathlessness that the doctor suspects may be due to red blood cell destruction (haemolytic anaemia)

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of haptoglobin in the blood. Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver. Its purpose is to find and attach itself to free haemoglobin in the blood. This forms a complex that is rapidly removed from the circulation by the

Related Diseases:
Conditions:  Anaemia, Liver disease, Jaundice


Why:
Most commonly, to help determine the cause of infertility, by assessing whether you have ovulated. May also be used in other situations, such as, to help diagnose an ectopic or failing pregnancy or to help diagnose the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding

When:
At specific times during a woman’s menstrual cycle (period) to determine whether/when she is ovulating and producing eggs, and sometimes during early pregnancy if symptoms suggest an ectopic or failing pregnancy.

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a hormone whose main role is to help prepare a woman’s body for pregnancy; it works together with several other female hormones.
On a monthly basis, the hormone oestrogen


Other Names:
GH; Human Growth Hormone (HGH); Somatotropin

Related Tests:
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1; also called Somatomedin C); GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone); Glucose Tolerance Test; Cortisol; ACTH; TSH; Glucose; Prolactin

Why:
To identify diseases and conditions caused by either a deficiency or overproduction of growth hormone (GH), to evaluate pituitary function, and to monitor the effectiveness of GH treatment

When:
As part of an evaluation of pituitary function. Slow growth in stature, delayed development (in children), decreased bone density and/or muscle strength, and increased lipids (in adults) all could be related to insufficient GH production. Symptoms suggestive of gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults may be a result of excess GH production

Sample Type:
Usually several blood samples are taken at timed intervals from veins in your arm. Sometimes a single sample of blood is required following a fast or after a period of strenuous exercise

Test Prep:
In healthy adults, GH levels remain stable, but rise sharply 3-4 hours after a meal and within 60 minutes after the onset of sleep. One sample should therefore be taken fasting.
The Test

Test General info:
Growth hormone (GH) is essential for a child’s normal growth and development and promotes proper long bone growth from birth through puberty. Children with insufficient GH production grow more slowly and are smaller in size for their age; one of the first

Related Diseases:
Tests: ACTH, IGF-1, Prolactin, T4, TSH, Cortisol, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Glucose
Conditions: Pituitary Disorders, Thyroid Diseases


Other Names:
Glycated Serum Protein (GSP); Glycated Albumin

Why:
To help monitor your diabetes over time, especially if it is not possible to monitor using the HbA1C test; to help determine the effectiveness of changes to your diabetic treatment plan


Why:
To monitor a person’s diabetes and to help treatment decisions. It can also be used to diagnose type 2 diabetes.

When:
When first diagnosed with diabetes and then at least twice a year

Test General info:
Some of the glucose in your blood binds to haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in your red blood cells). This combination of glucose and haemoglobin is called haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The amount of HbA1c formed is directly related to the average


Why:
To screen for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea

When:
If you have symptoms of gonorrhoea or are pregnant

Sample Type:
A swab of secretion or discharge from the infected area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is easily treated but can cause severe reproductive and health problems if left untreated.


Related Tests:
Susceptibility Testing, Bacterial Wound Culture, Blood Culture, CSF Analysis, Urine Culture, AFB Smear and Culture, Gonorrhoea, Stool Culture, Fungal Tests, Sputum Culture, Synovial Fluid Analysis, Pleural Fluid Analysis, Pericardial Fluid Analysis, Perit

Why:
To identify the cause of a bacterial infection so appropriate treatment can be given

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have a bacterial infection

Sample Type:
A swab of cells or fluid taken from the site of infection
The Test Sample

Test General info:
A Gram stain is used to determine if bacteria are present in an area of the body that is normally sterile, such as spinal fluid. A sample from the infected area is smeared on a glass slide and allowed to dry. A series of stains are applied and then the st

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and Skin Infections, Staph Wound Infections, Meningitis and Encephalitis, Fungal Infections, PID, Septic Arthritis, Urinary Tract Infection, Pneumonia, Sepsis


Formal Name:
Group A streptococcus; Group A beta haemolytic streptococcus; streptococcus pyogenes

Why:
To diagnose a possible bacterial infection of the throat (usually Streptococcus pyogene)

When:
If you have a sore throat and fever and your doctor thinks it may have a bacterial cause (although most sore throats are caused by viruses and won`t require antibiotics)

Sample Type:
A swab brushed against your throat and tonsils
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test identifies Streptococcus pyogenes, known as Group A streptococcus, which are bacteria that infect the back of the throat and are a common cause for an infected and sore throat. Whilst group A Streptococcus is the commonest bacterial cause of a se


Other Names:
H. pylori antibody test; H. pylori antigen test; H. pylori breath test

Why:
To diagnose an infection with Helicobacter pylori that can cause peptic ulcers

When:
If you have gastrointestinal pain or symptoms of an ulcer

Sample Type:
A stool sample, blood sample from a vein, tissue biopsy of the stomach lining, or a breath test

Test Prep:
No special preparation is needed for the blood test.
For the breath test and if submitting a stool or having a biopsy you may be instructed to refrain from certain medications.
If undergoing endoscopy, you may be instructed to fast after midnight the ni

Test General info:
These tests are looking for evidence of an infection in your gastrointestinal tract by a bacterium, known as Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori is also associated with the development of gas


Related Tests:
Full Blood Count, Haemoglobin, RBC Count, Blood Film, Iron Tests, Reticulocyte Count, Vitamin B12 and Folate, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, G6PD, Erythropoietin, Haemoglobin Variants

Why:
If your doctor suspects that you have anaemia (too few red blood cells), polycythaemia (too many red blood cells), or dehydration

When:
As part of a full blood count (FBC), a general blood screening test which may be requested for a variety of reasons

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by a finger-prick (children and adults) or heel-prick (newborns)

Test General info:
Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma. The packed cell volume (PCV) is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a percentage or fraction of cells in blood. For example, a PCV of 40% means that there are

Related Diseases:
Tests: Full blood count (FBC)
Conditions: Anaemia


Related Tests:
Full blood count, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin(MCH)

Why:
If you have anaemia (too few red blood cells) or polycythaemia (too many red blood cells), to assess its severity, and to monitor response to treatment

Sample Type:
A blood sample collected from a vein in your arm or by a finger-prick (children and adults) or heel-prick (newborns)

Test Prep:
Ideally you should be reasonably hydrated when having a haemoglobin test or the result may be inaccurately high.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of haemoglobin (a protein found in red blood cells) in your blood and is a good indication of your blood`s ability to carry oxygen throughout your body. Haemoglobin carries oxygen to cells from the lungs. If your haemoglobin

Related Diseases:
Anaemia, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Thalassaemia


Test Name:
HCV, Hepatitis C antibody, Anti-HCV, Hepatitis C viral load, HCV-RNA

Other Names:
HCV, Hepatitis C antibody, Anti-HCV, Hepatitis C viral load, HCV-RNA

Related Tests:
Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Viral hepatitis panel/screen, Liver function tests (LFT’s) eg ALT, AST, GGT, Bilirubin

Why:
To screen for and diagnose a hepatitis C virus infection and to monitor treatment of the infection

When:
If you may have been exposed to/have risk factors for the hepatitis C virus, such as through contact with infected blood, sexual relations with an infected person, IV drug use or you have symptoms associated with liver disease

Test General info:
Hepatitis C is a virus that can infect and damage the liver. In most cases, it is contracted through exposure to blood (usually from sharing contaminated needles while injecting drugs or, before 1992, through a blood transfusion), through sex with an infe


Related Tests:
Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Chromium, Cobalt, Iron, Copper

Why:
To screen for, detect, and monitor excessive exposure to specific heavy metals

When:
Periodically when you work with heavy metals, or when your doctor suspects that you may have been exposed. If you have a metal-on-metal hip prosthesis, depending upon the size and type of implant, you may need annual blood monitoring of metal ions (e.g. chromium and cobalt). Consult your doctor for further advice.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a 24-hour urine sample; rarely, a hair sample, tissue sample, or other body fluid sample

Test General info:
A heavy metals panel is a group of tests that measures the quantity of specific, potentially toxic metals in the blood, urine, or more rarely in the hair or other body tissue or fluid. A laboratory may offer several different groupings of heavy metals pan


Other Names:
Mononucleosis spot test; mononuclear heterophil test; heterophil antibody test; Mono test

Related Tests:
Tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, Paul-Bunnell test

Why:
To get screened for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever).

When:
If you have symptoms of mononucleosis, including fever, sore throat, swollen glands, and fatigue. (The monospot test is not useful to detect EBV in children.)

Test General info:
The Monospot test detects heterophil antibodies. It detects a reaction with horse red blood cells. A similar test, the Paul-Bunnell test, detects a reaction with sheep red blood cells. The antibodies are made in response to an infection by Epstein-Barr vi


Related Tests:
RET Oncogene; Calcium; TSH; FT3; FT4; Thyroglobulin; CEA

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC); to screen those at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)


Test Name:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2


Test Name:
Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test


Related Tests:
Growth Hormone (GH), Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, GH Stimulation Test

Why:
To identify diseases and conditions caused by deficiencies and overproduction of growth hormone (GH), to detect disease of the pituitary gland, and to monitor the effectiveness of growth hormone replacement treatment

When:
As part of an evaluation of pituitary function;
1. when you are growing more slowly than normal, have short stature, have delayed development (in children) or decreased bone density, reduced muscle strength, and increased lipids (in adults), all of which suggest insufficient GH and IGF-1 production
2. when you have symptoms of gigantism (in children) or acromegaly (in adults) that suggest excess GH and IGF-1 production
3. during and after treatment for GH abnormalities

Test Prep:
In general, no test preparation is needed; however, since this test may be performed at the same time as others, fasting for at least 12 hours may be required.
The Test

Test General info:
The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) test is an indirect measure of the average amount of growth hormone (GH) being produced by the body. IGF-1 and GH are peptide hormones which are small proteins made up of a small chain of amino acids. IGF-1 and GH


Other Names:
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE), Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPE), IFE

Formal Name:
Serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor tumours of the antibody producing cells (B lymphocytes) and to diagnose and monitor deficiencies of the immune system

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have a condition that affects the antibody concentrations in the blood either by abnormal production or excessive loss

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm; sometimes a random or 24-hour urine sample

Test General info:
Protein electrophoresis is a method for separating the proteins found in blood (serum) or urine. During the test, an electric current is used to move the proteins across a thin layer of agarose gel. The distances that individual proteins travel depend on

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Multiple myeloma, Kidney Disease, Liver Disease


Other Names:
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry or Immunohistochemistry

Related Tests:
FBC, White Blood Cell Differential Count, Blood Film, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, CD4 and CD8

Why:
To help diagnose and classify a leukaemia or lymphoma; to help guide treatment; to detect and evaluate residual cancer cells

When:
When a doctor thinks that you may have leukaemia or lymphoma; when you have been diagnosed with leukaemia or lymphoma, but the specific subtype is unknown; sometimes to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment or to evaluate for recurrent disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm; sometimes a bone marrow, tissue, or fluid sample collected by your doctor

Test General info:
Immunophenotyping detects the presence or absence of white blood cell (WBC) antigens. These antigens are protein structures found on the surface or interior of WBCs. Typical groupings of antigens are present on normal WBCs. Atypical but characteristic gro

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Bone Marrow Disorders


Test Name:
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry or Immunohistochemistry


Why:
To screen for cystic fibrosis (CF) in newborn infants

When:
When a newborn infant has signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis particularly when it passes no stools in the first 24 to 48 hours of life (meconium ileus) or where there is a high risk of the baby having the cystic fibrosis due to family history

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from an infant’s heel, a spot of blood that is put onto filter paper
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Trypsin is produced from trypsinogen. Trypsinogen is normally produced in the pancreas and is carried to the small intestine where it changes from an inactive ‘proenzyme’ to the active ‘enzyme’ trypsin which is used to help the body digest proteins.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatic Insufficiency, Pancreatic Diseases
Articles: Newborn Screening


Related Tests:
Calcium, Electrolytes, Vitamin D, Magnesium, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Why:
To evaluate the level of phosphate in your blood and to aid in the diagnosis of conditions known to cause abnormally high or low levels

When:
As a follow-up to an abnormal calcium level, if you have a kidney disorder or uncontrolled diabetes, and if you are taking calcium or phosphate supplements

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, or a fasting or timed urine collection (usually a 24-hour sample)
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The serum phosphate test measures the amount of inorganic phosphate in your blood plasma (the liquid part of blood).

In the body, phosphorus is combined with oxygen to form a variety of phosphates (PO4). Phosphates are vital for energy production, musc


Related Tests:
International Normalised Ratio (INR), Activated Clotting Time (ACT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT or PTT), Kaolin Cephalin Clotting Time (KCCT), Fibrinogen, Coagulation Factors

Why:
To help diagnose a bleeding disorder; to help estimate the severity of liver disease. A tightly controlled version of the PT called the International Normalised Ratio (INR) is used to measure the effect of anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin.

When:
No test preparation is needed. If the patient is receiving anticoagulant therapy, the specimen should be collected before the daily dose is taken. It is essential the blood is taken quickly and smoothly and that the anticoagulant bottle is filled exactly to the designated mark or the result may be inaccurate.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. If the patient is receiving anticoagulant therapy, the specimen should be collected before the daily dose is taken. It is essential the blood is taken quickly and smoothly and that the anticoagulant bottle is filled exactly

Test General info:
The test measures how long it takes for your blood to begin to form clots. Prothrombin is a plasma protein produced by the liver. Clotting is caused by a series of clotting factors which activate each other, including the conversion of prothrombin to thro


Related Tests:
C-Peptide, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Why:
To help evaluate insulin production, diagnose an insulinoma (insulin-producing tumour), and to help determine the cause of low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia)

When:
If you have hypoglycaemia, if you have symptoms suggesting insulin is being inappropriately produced by your body, and sometimes if you have diabetes and your doctor wants to monitor your insulin production

Test General info:
Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin is required to regulate blood glucose levels and plays a role in controlling the levels of carbohydrates and fats stored in the body.
When blood glucose levels ri

Related Diseases:
Tests: Glucose, C-Peptide
Conditions: Diabetes


Why:
To monitor insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas and to help determine the cause of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)


Other Names:
Intact PTH; Parathormone; Parathyroid Hormone

Related Tests:
Calcium; Phosphate; Magnesium; Vitamin D

Why:
To determine whether PTH levels are responding normally to changes in blood calcium levels; to distinguish the cause of calcium imbalances, and to evaluate parathyroid function. In some centres, PTH levels may be measured during surgery for hyperparathyro

When:
When calcium blood levels are higher or lower than normal, and when your doctor wants to determine how well your parathyroid gland is functioning.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood. It is part of a ‘feedback loop’ that includes calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and to some extent phosphate and magnesium. Conditions and diseases that disrupt this feedback

Related Diseases:
Tests: Calcium, Phosphate, Vitamin D, Magnesium
Conditions: Kidney Disease


Related Tests:
Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT); CF gene mutation

When:
When a newborn or infant has symptoms that suggest cystic fibrosis, such as frequent respiratory infections and chronic cough, persistent diarrhoea, foul-smelling bulky greasy stools, and malnutrition; and as a follow-up, confirmatory test to help diagnose CF

Sample Type:
A sweat sample collected using a special sweat stimulation procedure
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Sodium and chloride are part of your body’s electrolyte balance. They help regulate the fluid balance in your blood and tissues. Normally, chloride travels in and out of the body’s cells, helping to maintain electrical neutrality and water balance. Chlori


Related Tests:
Gram stain; White blood cell count (WBC); Red blood cell count (RBC); C reactive protein (CRP); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); blood culture

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of joint inflammation, pain, and/or swelling

When:
When one or more of your joints are swollen, red, and/or painful

Sample Type:
A synovial fluid sample is obtained by inserting a needle into the space between the bones at a joint

Test Prep:
Consult with your doctor about test preparation. Synovial fluid collection and analysis may be performed after fasting or at random.
 
The Test

Test General info:
Synovial fluid is a thick liquid that acts as a lubricant for the major joints of the body. It is found in small quantities in the spaces between the joints. Here the fluid is produced and contained by the synovial membranes which cover the surfaces of th

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Arthritis, Gout, Rheumatoid arthritis, Septic arthritis, Tuberculosis


Why:
To diagnose levels of potassium that are too high (hyperkalaemia) or too low (hypokalaemia)

When:
As part of a routine medical examination or to investigate a serious illness, such as high blood pressure or kidney disease

Test General info:
Potassium is present in all body fluids, but most potassium is within your cells, with only a very small amount in the serum or plasma component of the blood. If potassium goes too low or too high, your health may be impaired. An abnormal concentration ca

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hypertension, Acidosis/Alkalosis, Kidney Disease, Addison`s Disease


Related Tests:
Valproic Acid, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Why:
In some cases, to determine the concentration of levetiracetam in the blood to establish an individualised dose; to detect toxicity or verify that a person is taking the medication as prescribed (compliance); to monitor changes that may affect drug cleara

When:
In some cases, at the start of treatment when establishing dosage; when indicated to detect low or excessive (potentially toxic) concentrations; when a person has decreased kidney function; occasionally to verify compliance

Test General info:
Levetiracetam is a drug that is used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy). It is prescribed as an adjunctive (secondary) treatment in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. This test measures the amount of levetiracetam in the bl


Related Tests:
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), LA Sensitive aPTT (LA-aPTT), Thrombin Time, Autoimmune Diseases, Dilute or Modified Russell Viper Venom Time (dRVVT or MRVVT), Anticardiolipin Antibodies, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin Time (PT)

Why:
To help evaluate a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and/or a thrombotic episode, to help determine the cause of recurrent fetal loss, as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome. Not a diagnostic test for lupus (SLE).

When:
When you have a prolonged aPTT test. When you have had a venous or arterial thromboembolism. When you have had recurrent miscarriages, especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

Sample Type:
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. However the blood sample has to be collected from a medium to large sized vein with minimal application of a tourniquet.
The Test

Test General info:
Lupus anticoagulant is a protein that increases the risk of developing blood clots in both the veins and arteries. These clots may block blood flow in any part of the body, leading to strokes, heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, deep vein thrombosis, and

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Excessive Clotting Disorders, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome


Why:
To help detect hypoxia and other diseases that cause excess production or reduced removal of lactate from the blood

When:
If you have symptoms such as rapid breathing, sickness, and sweating that suggest a lack of oxygen or an acid/base imbalance; if your doctor suspects that you may have an inherited metabolic or mitochondrial disorder

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm; sometimes a blood sample collected from an artery and, rarely, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spine

Test Prep:
Fasting may or may not be required. Ask your doctor. You may also be told not to exercise for a period of time before this test.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of lactate in the blood or, more rarely, in the cerebrospinal fluid. Lactate is the ionic (electrically charged) form of lactic acid. It is produced by muscle cells, red blood cells, brain, and other tissues during anaerobic

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Congestive heart failure (CHF), Heart attack, Acidosis and Alkalosis


Other Names:
LD; Lactate dehydrogenase; Total LDH; LDH isoenzymes

Related Tests:
CK (Creatine Kinase), CK-MB, Troponin, Myoglobin

Why:
To help identify the cause and location of tissue damage in the body, and to monitor its progress. LDH is elevated in a wide variety of conditions reflecting its wide spread tissue distribution. Historically, has been used to help diagnose and monitor a h

When:
Along with other tests, when your doctor suspects that you have an acute or chronic condition that is causing tissue or cellular destruction and he wants to identify and monitor the problem.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed.

The Test

Test General info:
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, or LD) is an enzymethat is found in almost all body tissues but only a small amount of it is usually detectable in the blood. It usually stays contained within the tissues’ cells. When cells are damaged or destroyed, however, t

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart Disease, Heart Attack, Liver disease
Tests: CK, CK-MB, Troponin, Myoglobin, AST, ALT, ALP


SI:
> 0.83  increase in plasma glucose level


Other Names:
PPD (Purified Protein Derivative); Mantoux (previously Heaf test); Latent Tuberculosis Infection test (LTI)

Why:
To help determine whether or not you may have been exposed to and become infected by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) bacteria

When:
When you have diseases or conditions that weaken your immune system and put you at a greater risk of developing active tuberculosis. When you have had close contact with someone who has active TB, or work or live in a high risk environment. When you have lived for a period of time in a foreign country where TB may be more common. Sometimes as part of an examination prior to starting a new job (such as a healthcare worker).

Sample Type:
No sample is required. A small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) solution is injected just under the first layer of skin of your inner forearm.

Test General info:
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It may affect many body organs, but primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary). Tuberculosis, (once called consumption), has been causing death for thousands o


Why:
If your doctor thinks that you might have an infection, inflammatory illness, immune deficiency, bone marrow disease or allergy and; to monitor treatment

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or from a finger-prick or in babies a heelprick

Test General info:
The white blood cell (WBC) count indicates the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. This count provides a clue to the presence of illness. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and protect the body against infection and aid in the imm


Test Name:
LFTs, Liver panel, Hepatic function tests

Other Names:
LFTs, Liver panel, Hepatic function tests

Related Tests:
ALT, ALP, AST, Bilirubin, Albumin, Total Protein, GGT, Prothrombin Time (PT), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Emergency and Overdose Drug Testing, Ethanol, ANA, SMA, Drugs of Abuse Testing, Copper, Caeruloplasmin

When:
When you have symptoms of a liver disorder such as jaundice or have been exposed to substances that can cause liver damage such as a paracetamol overdose

Test General info:
The liver is a large organ located in the upper right-hand part of the abdomen behind the lower ribs. It takes up drugs and toxic substances from the blood and renders them harmless. It produces proteins, including enzymes and blood clotting factors, help


When:
If you are having difficulty getting pregnant or are having irregular menstrual periods or when your doctor suspects that a child has delayed or earlier than expected sexual maturation.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is required, but woman’s sample should be collected at specific times during her menstrual cycle usually during the first few days of the cycle.
The Test

Test General info:
Luteinising hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of LH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophin-releasin

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Infertility
Tests: FSH, oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone


When:
When you have symptoms of a pancreatic disease, such as severe abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite or nausea

Test General info:
Lipase is an enzyme manufactured primarily by the pancreas. It is released into the duodenum to help digest fatty foods. Small amounts are present in blood. When pancreatic cells are inflamed as in pancreatitis or when its path into the duodenum is blocke

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic Fibrosis, Diabetes, Pancreatic Diseases, Pancreatitis, Pancreatic Cancer


Why:
To diagnose and monitor pancreatitis or other pancreatic disease


Related Tests:
Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Apo A-I, Apo B, Lp(a)

Why:
To assess your risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); to monitor treatment

When:
Aged 40 as part of a routine cardiovascular health check, or if you are already thought to be at risk of cardiovascular disease for another reason, or to monitor your response to lipid-modifying treatments.

Sample Type:
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm, or occasionally from a fingerprick.

Test Prep:
Typically, fasting for 12 hours before having the blood sample drawn is required; only water is permitted. Your doctor might recommend a slightly shorter or longer fast. Follow any instructions you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
Lipids are a group of fats and fat-like substances that are important constituents of cells and sources of energy. They are necessary for life, but if present in excess they can lead to health problems – in particular cardiovascular disease. A lipid profi

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, Stroke, Hypertension
Screening: High cholesterol - Children, Young Adults, Adults


Related Tests:
Lipid Profile; Homocysteine; hs-CRP; Apo A; Apo B

Why:
As part of a targeted screen for cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease). Lp(a) measurement may give additional information about the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in some people

When:
Your doctor may request Lp(a) measurement if you have a family history of premature cardiovascular disease or elevated Lp(a) or if you develop cardiovascular disease at a young age, particularly in the absence of conventional risk factors

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. Your doctor might recommend that you fast (water only) for 14 hours prior to the test so that other related substances can be measured in the same sample.
The Test

Test General info:
Lp(a) is a risk factor for heart disease especially when LDL cholesterol is also raised. Lp(a) is a lipoprotein comprising a lipid rich core surrounded by an apolipoprotein (ApoB-100) and an apolipoprotein (a) molecule. In the body, apolipoprotein (a) can

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart attack, Stroke, Congestive heart failure, Angina


Other Names:
Often referred to by brand name (Priadel, Camcolit, Liskonum, Li-Liquid)

Related Tests:
Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; TSH; T4

Why:
To determine lithium concentration in the blood in order to maintain an appropriate level or to detect lithium toxicity

When:
At regular intervals to monitor lithium levels; as needed to detect low or toxic concentrations

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. However, timing of the sample collection may affect results. Generally, lithium blood levels are performed 12-18 hours after the last dose (also known as a ``trough`` level). Tell the person who draws your blood when you too

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood. Lithium is a drug that is used to treat bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that is characterized by cycles of depression and mania. These cycles may be as short as a few days or


When:
If you have symptoms (such as weakness, irritability, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, and/or diarrhoea) that may be due to too much or too little magnesium or if you have abnormal calcium or potassium levels

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of magnesium in your blood. Normally, only a very small amount (about 1%) of the total magnesium found in the body is present in the blood. 

Magnesium is a mineral that is found in every cell of your body. It is vital to e


Formal Name:
Urine metadrenalines (total and fractionated)

When:
When you have symptoms of increased catecholamines release, such as persistent or episodic high blood pressure, severe headaches, rapid heart rate, and sweating

Test Prep:
Foods such as coffee (including decaffeinated), tea, chocolate, vanilla, bananas, oranges and other citrus fruits should be avoided for several days prior to the test and during collection. There are also many medications that can potentially affect test

Test General info:
This test measures the amounts of metadrenaline and normetadrenaline that are excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period. Metadrenaline and normetadrenaline are the inactive metabolites of the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (no


Why:
To help detect early and/or mild vitamin B12 deficiency, especially at the tissue level; to help diagnose methylmalonic acidaemia, a rare inherited metabolic disorder

When:
If you have a vitamin B12 concentration in the low end of the normal range and/or have symptoms of neuropathy, such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm; or a random or 24-hour urine sample

Test Prep:
For the MMA blood test, the patient should be fasting. For a random urine sample, the patient should fast overnight, discard the first urine sample of the morning, and then collect the second sample.
The Test

Test General info:
The methylmalonic acid (MMA) test measures the amount of MMA in the blood or urine. There is no agreement on whether, blood or urine is best for this test and there are interpretative guidelines and reference levels for each. Your doctor may request both

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, Anaemia


Test Name:
Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus screening

Formal Name:
Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus screening

When:
When your doctor wants to determine if you are a MRSA carrier (you have no evidence of an active infection) or to determine if MRSA are still present after an infection has been treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy

Sample Type:
Swab of nose; occasionally swab of wound infection site, groin, or skin lesion
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This collection of tests detects the presence of, and sometimes evaluates the genetic characteristics of, Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA are strains of Staphylococcus aureus, or “staph,” bacteria that are resistant to the antibiot

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Staph Wound Infections and Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
In the News: Rapid MRSA lab tests before operation may help reduce infections(2007)


Related Tests:
Calcium, Potassium, Phosphate, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Vitamin D

Why:
To evaluate the concentration of magnesium in your blood and to help determine the cause of abnormal calcium and/or potassium levels


Other Names:
MPA [may be referred to by drug names Mycophenolate mofetil or Mycophenolate sodium, or by drug brand names (CellCept, Myfortic)]

Related Tests:
Full Blood Count (FBC), Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Why:
To determine the concentration of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the blood in order to monitor levels, and prevent toxicity

When:
As soon as mycophenolate therapy begins and whenever the dose is changed. May be requested frequently at first, then at regular intervals. Whenever excess or deficient levels of MPA are suspected.

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of mycophenolic acid in the blood. Mycophenolic acid is the active metabolite of mycophenolate, a drug that is usually given to patients who have had a heart, kidney, or liver transplant  to help prevent rejection, and someti

Related Diseases:
Tests: Full Blood Count (FBC), Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Conditions: Autoimmune disorders, Lymphoma, Anaemia


Related Tests:
Homocysteine, Factor V Leiden Mutation and PT 20210 Mutation,Vitamin B12 & Folate, Cardiac Risk Assessment, Methotrexate

Why:
To evaluate the cause of elevated homocysteine levels; sometimes to help determine your risk of thrombosis or premature cardiovascular disease (CVD)

When:
When you have elevated homocysteine levels; sometimes when a close relative has MTHFR gene mutations or has developed CVD or thrombosis at an early age

Test General info:
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene oversees the production of the MTHFR enzyme. This enzyme changes one form of folate into another and is part of the process that converts homocysteine into methionine, an important building block for ma

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypercoagulable Disorders, Neural Tube Defects, Stroke


Other Names:
Mycoplasma by PCR; Mycoplasma culture; Ureaplasma culture

Formal Name:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG and IgM antibodies; Mycoplasma pneumoniae culture; Mycoplasma culture, genital source; Mycoplasma DNA testing

Related Tests:
Influenza; RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus); Legionella; Cold agglutinins; Chlamydia; Gonorrhea

Why:
To detect an active or recent mycoplasma infection

When:
When your doctor suspects that your respiratory or systemic symptoms are caused by a mycoplasma infection; when a genital infection may be caused by mycoplasma or ureaplasma

Sample Type:
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm, a throat swab, sputum sample, body fluid or tissue sample; occasionally, genital or urethral swab

Test General info:
Mycoplasma testing is used to find out whether someone currently has or recently had a mycoplasma infection. It is a group of tests that either measure antibodies in the blood produced in response to a mycoplasma infection or detect the microrganism direc

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Asthma, Lung Diseases, Pneumonia, HIV, STDs, Arthritis, Meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome


Test Name:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG and IgM antibodies


Why:
To determine whether muscle has been injured

When:
If you have muscle pain or weakness after muscle damage, particularly if your urine becomes dark reddish-brown in colour

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a random urine sample

Test General info:
Blood is being tested for the presence of myoglobin, a red protein found in muscles. While haemoglobin brings oxygen to most of the body, myoglobin traps oxygen in muscle to allow muscle cells to work properly. When muscle is injured, myoglobin is release


Related Tests:
Chloride; Bicarbonate; Potassium; Electrolytes; Osmolality

Why:
To determine the cause of and monitor treatment for illnesses associated with abnormal sodium levels in the body

When:
If you are experiencing dehydration, oedema, problems with blood pressure, or have non-specific symptoms; as part of routine laboratory evaluations, or to monitor certain long-term conditions, like high or low blood pressure

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or, in some cases, a urine sample

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of sodium in blood. Sodium is an electrolyte present in all body fluids, and is vital to normal body function. It works to regulate the amount of water in the body, and to control blood pressure by keeping the right am

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney Disease, CHF, Addison`s Disease, Hypertension


Why:
To detect the presence or measure the quantity of nicotine or cotinine in blood, urine, saliva, or sometimes hair. To find out whether someone uses tobacco or has been exposed to second-hand smoke. Rarely it can be used to check for acute nicotine poisoni

When:
Whenever someone requires confirmation of tobacco usage or exposure to second-hand smoke. Rarely when nicotine overdose is suspected.

Sample Type:
Usually a urine sample is collected, but sometimes a blood sample (from a vein in your arm) or a saliva sample is collected. Rarely a hair sample is collected.

Test General info:
Nicotine is an addictive chemical found in the tobacco plant and concentrated in its leaves.  It is inhaled with each puff on a cigarette and ingested with chewing tobacco.  Nicotine is metabolised by the liver into more than 20 compounds, which are remov


Other Names:
(The most common forms of oestrogen tested in clinical laboratories are oestrone [E1], oestradiol [oestradiol-17 beta, E2], and oestriol [E3])

Related Tests:
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinising hormone (LH); progesterone; testosterone; AFP & hCG Maternal Screening; sex hormone binding globulin

Why:
To measure or monitor your oestrogen levels if you are a woman who has unexplained abnormal menstrual cycles, abnormal or heavy bleeding, infertility problems, symptoms of menopause, or any other hormonal alterations; also it has been used to test for foe

When:
When your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a hormone imbalance, abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual and/or early sex organ development (male and female).

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm. Occasionally urinary measurements may be required.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, but the timing of the sample will be correlated with your menstrual cycle or, when you are pregnant, to the gestational age of the baby.
The Test

Test General info:
Oestrogens are a group of hormones primarily responsible for the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. While oestrogen is one of the major female sex hormones, small amounts are found in males. In women, follicular stimulatin


Test Name:
Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor status


Test Name:
Often referred to by brand name Rapamune

Other Names:
Often referred to by brand name Rapamune

Related Tests:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Ciclosporin; Tacrolimus; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Lipid Profile

Why:
To determine the concentration of sirolimus in the blood in order to establish a dosing strategy, maintain therapeutic levels, and detect toxic levels

When:
As soon as sirolimus therapy begins and whenever dose is changed. Frequently at first, then at regular intervals to monitor concentrations over time. Whenever excess or deficient levels are suspected

Test Prep:
Have the sample collected 12 hours after the last dose and immediately prior to the next dose, or as directed by your doctor
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of sirolimus in the blood. Sirolimus is a relatively new immunosuppressive drug that is given to patients who have had an organ transplant. Normally, the immune system recognises a transplanted organ as `foreign` and begins t


Test Name:
or by the individual factor number or name


When:
Urine and serum osmolality should be tested when an explanation is sought for either i) a low serum sodium concentration ii) an unusually high urine output or iii) an unusually low urine output.
Serum osmolality should be tested if poisoning with toxic alcohols is suspected.
Stool osmolality may be tested when an explanation for chronic diarrhoea is being sought.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm; a urine sample taken at the same time usually helps the doctor to interpret the results

Test Prep:
No test preparation may be needed or you may be instructed to fast (nothing to eat or drink except water) for 6 hours before the test. Follow any instructions you are given. Because some medications can interfere with this testing, inform your health care

Test General info:
Osmolality is a measure of the number of particles dissolved in a kilogram of fluid. Osmolarity is the number of particles in a litre of fluid. In a dilute fluid osmolality and osmolarity values are approximately the same. An osmotically active substance

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus


Related Tests:
HIV antibody test; HIV resistance testing; HIV viral load; CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts

Why:
To check for infection with HIV after a recent exposure or to monitor your body’s response to anti-HIV therapy

When:
If you have been recently exposed to HIV

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by a finger-prick

Test General info:
The p24 antigen test identifies actual HIV particles in blood (p24 is a protein ``shell`` on the surface of HIV). However, the p24 test is generally positive only from about one week to 3 or 4 weeks after infection with HIV. The p24 protein cannot be dete


Why:
To help diagnose sepsis in a person who is critically ill; to help determine the risk of severe sepsis leading to septic shock in a person who has sepsis; to distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial infections

When:
When someone is seriously ill and a doctor wants to distinguish between sepsis and other causes of the illness; to help guide treatment in a patient with sepsis

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of procalcitonin in the blood. Procalcitonin is made during the process of producing the thyroid hormone calcitonin. It is normally produced by special cells in the thyroid gland called C-cells and is present in low levels in

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Meningitis, Wound and Skin Infections, Sepsis


Related Tests:
Pleural fluid analysis, Peritoneal fluid analysis, Gram stain, Susceptibility testing, Protein, Albumin, Glucose, AFB smear and culture

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of inflammation of the pericardium and/or fluid accumulation around the heart

When:
When a doctor suspects that someone has a condition associated with inflammation of the pericardium and/or fluid accumulation around the heart

Sample Type:
A sample of fluid collected by a doctor from the pericardial sac using a procedure called a pericardiocentesis
The Test Sample

Test Prep:
No special preparation is usually needed.
The Test

Test General info:
Pericardial fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant for the movement of the heart. It is found in small quantities between the two layers of the pericardium. Pericardial fluid is produced by mesothelial cells in the membranes and reduces friction as th

Related Diseases:
Conditions:  Liver disease, Kidney disease, Bleeding disorders, Autoimmune disorders, Congestive heart failure, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Tuberculosis


Test Name:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology


Related Tests:
Pleural fluid analysis, Pericardial fluid analysis, Gram stain, Susceptibility testing, Glucose, Albumin, WBC count, RBC count, AFB smear and culture

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of peritonitis and/or peritoneal fluid accumulation (ascites)

When:
When a doctor suspects that someone with abdominal pain and swelling, nausea, and/or fever has a condition associated with inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) or peritoneal fluid accumulation

Sample Type:
A peritoneal fluid sample obtained by inserting a needle into the abdominal cavity
The Test Sample

Test Prep:
You will be asked to empty your bladder prior to sample collection.
The Test

Test General info:
Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. It is found in small quantities between the layers of the peritoneum. Peritoneal fluid is produced by mesothelial cells in the membranes and acts to moisten the outside of the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Kidney disease, Bleeding disorders, Autoimmune disorders, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Tuberculosis


Why:
To find out if the phenobarbital level in the blood is at an appropriate level for an individual patient

When:
At regular intervals to monitor phenobarbital levels in the blood and if needed to detect low or toxic levels

Test General info:
This test measures the level of phenobarbital in the blood. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, a sedating drug that depresses the nervous system. Doctors usually prescribe phenobarbital to prevent fits or to relieve anxiety. Phenobarbital is often prescribed


Why:
To detect elevated concentrations of ammonia in the blood, to help diagnose severe liver disease and certain genetic urea cycle disorders, to investigate changes in consciousness, or to help diagnose hepatic encephalopathy and Reye’s syndrome


Formal Name:
Plasma free metadrenalines (normetadrenaline and metadrenaline)

Why:
To help diagnose or rule out a phaeochromocytoma

When:
When you have persistent or episodic high blood pressure and symptoms such as headaches, rapid heart rate, and sweating

Test Prep:
Preparation for the test is important for accurate results. It may be necessary to discontinue adrenaline and adrenaline-like drugs for at least one week before the test, stop using paracetamol (acetaminophen) 48 hours beforehand, and fast for 8-10 hours

Test General info:
The plasma free metadrenalines test measures the amount of metadrenaline and normetadrenaline in the blood. These substances are metabolites of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamine hor


Related Tests:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); C-reactive protein (CRP); fibrinogen; immunoglobulins; protein electrophoresis

Why:
To detect and monitor inflammation, to help diagnosis and monitoring many conditions. To estimate the stickiness of the blood caused by abnormal proteins (“paraproteins”).

When:
When your doctor thinks that you might have a condition that causes inflammation and to help diagnose and follow the course of this condition, especially temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica. To monitor whether paraproteins are causing clinically important stickiness of the blood which is likely to affect the circulation.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm.

Test General info:
Plasma viscosity is an indirect measure of the amount of protein present in the plasma (liquid) part of the blood. It can reflect the degree of inflammation present in the body. It can also detect the presence of abnormal paraproteins which can be made by


When:
The platelet count is performed as part of a full blood count (FBC) analysis, which may be carried out as a general screen during routine healthcare examinations or for the diagnosis or monitoring of diseases that affect the blood and bone marrow.

Test General info:
Platelets are small cell fragments and are found in the blood along with red cells and white cells. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and released into the blood where they play an important role in coagulation (blood clotting), helping to stop bl

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bleeding Disorders, Aplastic Anaemia, Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, DIC, Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Autoimmune Disorders, Sepsis


Related Tests:
FBC, Platelet aggregation, Platelet Function Tests, Blood Film, von Willebrand Factor, HIT Antibody, Coagulation Factors, PT, aPTT, JAK2

Why:
To count the number of platelets present in blood. This may be performed if there are symptoms of a bleeding disorder, an unexplained blood clot, or to check that the bone marrow is working as it should.


Related Tests:
Pericardial Fluid Analysis; Peritoneal Fluid Analysis; Gram Stain; Susceptibility Testing; Protein; Albumin; Glucose; AFB Smear and Culture

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of inflammation of pleurae (pleuritis, pleurisy), accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (pleural effusion), or possible malignancy

When:
When a doctor suspects that someone with chest pain, coughing, and/or difficulty breathing has a condition associated with pleuritis and/or pleural effusion

Sample Type:
A volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis, in part to relieve pressure and for diagnostic purposes
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Pleural fluid is found in the pleural cavity and serves as a lubricant for the movement of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation. It is derived from a plasma filtrate from blood capillaries and is found in small quantities between the layers of the p

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Tuberculosis, Bleeding disorders, Autoimmune disorders, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Congestive heart failure, Pancreatitis, Liver disease


Test Name:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white stain


Other Names:
Transthyretin; tryptophan-rich prealbumin; thyroxine-binding prealbumin

Why:
To help assess patients with malnutrition and to monitor patients receiving nutrition support

When:
If your doctor suspects you are malnourished because of poor diet, HIV, or an eating disorder; if you are about to be admitted to the hospital for surgery; if are hospitalised with certain diseases; or if you are having parenteral nutrition or kidney dialysis

Test General info:
The test measures levels of prealbumin, an important protein found in the blood and produced mainly by the liver. Prealbumin breaks down quickly in the body and therefore the amount in the blood changes rapidly and can provide an immediate picture of your


Related Tests:
FSH, LH, Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone

Why:
To determine whether or not your prolactin levels are higher (or occasionally lower) than normal

When:
When you have symptoms of an elevated prolactin, such as galactorrhoea (milk production not during pregnancy) and/or visual disturbances and headaches; as part of investigation for female and male infertility; for follow up of low testosterone in men

Test General info:
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Prolactin levels are regulated by dopamine (a brain chemical), and the hormone is normally present in low amounts in men and non-pregnant

Related Diseases:
Tests: FSH, LH, TSH, T4, Testosterone
Conditions: Infertility, Pregnancy


Why:
To look for certain liver, kidney disorders and several other diseases

When:
If your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a liver or kidney disorder

Test General info:
The total protein test is a rough measure of all of the proteins in the plasma portion of your blood. Proteins are important building blocks of all cells and tissues; they are important for body growth and health. Total protein measures the combined amoun

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Multiple myeloma, Liver disease, Kidney disorders


Why:
The detection of patients who are at risk of developing severe side effects if treated with the thiopurine drugs, azathioprine, mercaptopurine and thioguanine

Sample Type:
A single blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test Prep:
There are no special preparations needed to collect the blood.
The Test

Test General info:
Thiopurine drugs suppress the immune system and are used to treat patients after organ transplants and in the treatment of a wide range of diseases such as leukaemia, inflammatory bowel disease and skin disorders such as eczema. The most commonly used thi


When:
When your doctor suspects you may have too much or too little iron in your body because of a variety of conditions

Test Prep:
You may be instructed to fast for 12 hours before the test; in this case, only water is allowed.
The Test

Test General info:
Total Iron Binding Capacity, or TIBC, measures the total capacity of your blood to bind and transport iron, and therefore reflects your body`s iron stores. TIBC correlates with the amount of the protein transferrin in your blood, available to bind iron. T


Other Names:
sTfR; Transferrin Receptor; TfR; Serum Transferrin Receptors

Related Tests:
Iron Tests, Iron, Ferritin, TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin, Zinc Protoporphyrin, FBC, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit

Why:
To detect iron deficiency anaemia and distinguish it from anaemia caused by chronic illness or inflammation

When:
When iron deficiency anaemia is suspected

Sample Type:
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
Soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) are proteins found in blood that can become elevated in the presence of iron-deficiency. This test measures the amount of soluble transferrin receptors within the blood, to help detect and evaluate iron deficiency and

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Iron-deficiency Anaemia, Anaemia of Chronic Diseases, Haemochromatosis


Why:
To diagnose an infection with Trichomonas vaginalis

When:
If you have symptoms of infection, including vaginal discharge or pain during urination

Sample Type:
A swab of secretions taken from the vagina in women or the urethra in men
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for infection by Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted, microscopic parasite that causes vaginal infections in women and urethritis in some men.


Related Tests:
Cholesterol; HDL; LDL; Lipid profile; Cardiac risk assessment

Why:
To assess the risk of developing heart disease

When:
As part of a lipid profile during a medical examination or if you are being treated for high triglycerides

Test Prep:
Current standards recommend that testing be done when you are fasting. For approximately 9 to 12 hours before the test, only water is permitted. In addition, alcohol should not be consumed for 24 hours before the test is performed.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. Triglycerides are the body`s storage form of fat. Most triglycerides are found in fat (adipose) tissue. Some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. Extra trig


Related Tests:
hCG; First Trimester Down Syndrome Screen; Amniotic Fluid Analysis; Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To assess the risk of a foetus having certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18).

When:
In most centres women will be offered first trimester screening between 11-13 weeks, although for some it may be carried out in the second trimester, usually between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm. The results from the laboratory may be combined with the results from an ultrasound scan to improve the overall effectiveness of the screening test.

Test General info:
The screening tests involve the measurement of different proteins and hormones found in mother’s blood. In addition, the mother is asked to provide additional information about herself that is used to improve the accuracy of the screening test, such as he


Why:
To screen for and diagnose thyroid disorders; to monitor treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

When:
For screening: All newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism. There is currently no recommendation in the UK for routine screening of adults
For monitoring treatment: as directed by your doctor
Otherwise: when a patient has symptoms of hypo- or hyperthyroidism and/or an enlarged thyroid

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm. For neonatal screening blood is collected by pricking the heel

Test General info:
The test measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood, which is an indicator of thyroid disease. TSH is made by the pituitary gland, a tiny organ located below the brain and behind the sinus cavities. It is part of the body’s fee


Formal Name:
Protein C Functional or Antigen; Protein S Free (Functional) or Antigen (Total)

Related Tests:
Factor V Leiden; Prothrombin 20210 gene mutation, Homocysteine, Lupus Anticoagulant, Antithrombin Activity

Why:
To help evaluate a thrombotic episode, to determine whether you may have an inherited or acquired Protein C or Protein S deficiency

When:
When you have had an unexplained thromboembolism (a blood vessel blocked by a blood clot), when your newborn has a severe clotting disorder, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or purpura fulminans. Sometimes when a close relative has an inherited Protein C or Protein S deficiency

Test General info:
Proteins C and S help adjust the rate of blood clot formation. When a blood vessel or tissue is injured, the body initiates the coagulation cascade - a step by step process involving the activation of platelets and of up to 20 protein factors - which resu


When:
As part of a full blood count (FBC), which may be requested for a variety of reasons.

Test General info:
This test counts the number of red blood cells (RBC) in a litre of blood. Red blood cells, which are made in the bone marrow, carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. Women tend to have lower RBC c

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Thalassemia
Articles: Blood Banking


Related Tests:
Full blood count (FBC), Haemoglobin, Haematocrit (PCV), Blood Film, Iron Tests, Reticulocyte Count, Vitamin B12 and Folate, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, G6PD, Erythropoietin

Why:
To evaluate any change in the number of red blood cells in your blood


Related Tests:
Influenza tests; Pertussis; Strep throat

Why:
To determine whether an infant, an elderly patient, or an immunocompromised patient has respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and to help determine whether or not RSV season has started in your community

When:
When it is RSV season (late autumn until early spring) and your doctor wants to determine whether your runny nose, congestion, coughing and/or difficulty breathing are due to RSV or to other causes

Sample Type:
Usually a nasal aspirate; occasionally a nasopharyngeal (NP) or a throat swab
The Test Sample

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and

Test General info:
RSV testing is used to detect respiratory syncytial virus, a common viral respiratory infection. RSV tends to be seasonal, causing community epidemics in young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients that typically begin in November or Dece


Related Tests:
Full blood count (FBC), Vitamin B12 and Folate, Vitamin D, Iron Tests, Retinol-Binding Protein (RBP)

Why:
To detect vitamin A deficiency or toxicity

When:
When a person has symptoms suggesting vitamin A deficiency or excess, or is at risk for vitamin deficiency

Test Prep:
A fasting blood sample is required and no alcohol should be consumed for 24 hours before sample collection.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of retinol in the blood; retinol is the primary form of vitamin A in animals. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required for healthy vision, skin growth and integrity, bone formation, immune function, and embryonic de

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Malnutrition, Coeliac Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatitis, Anaemia, Alcoholism, Liver Disease, Malabsorption


Related Tests:
ANA; Autoantibodies; CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody)

Why:
To help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren’s syndrome

When:
When your doctor thinks that you have symptoms suggestive of RA or Sjögren’s syndrome

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm 
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test detects and measures rheumatoid factor (RF), a type of “autoantibody”, in the blood. We all have antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins) in our blood, which are protective proteins which defend the body against infection, particularly from ba

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren`s syndrome, autoimmune disorders
Tests: CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody)


Other Names:
Salicylates, aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, methyl salicylate

Why:
To detect aspirin overdose and guide hospital treatment or to monitor aspirin therapy of inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis to guard against overdosage

When:
When you have symptoms such as nausea, rapid breathing, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), or confusion that may be from taking too much aspirin or medications with salicylate ingredients; when it is suspected that your child may have ingested a significant quantity of a salicylate; at regular intervals when monitoring an overdose; sometimes on a regular basis if you take a salicylate on prescription for rheumatoid arthritis or another autoimmune disorder

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein usually in an arm

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, but the doctor may ask when a salicylate was last ingested and the amount taken. To accurately interpret results, blood samples are usually collected at least 4 hours after ingestion. If you regularly take a medication conta

Test General info:
Salicylates are a group of drugs, including aspirin, available as both prescription and non-prescription (over-the-counter) medications. They are often used to relieve pain and inflammation, to reduce fever, and to prevent excessive blood clotting. Salicy


Test Name:
Salicylates, aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, methyl salicylate


Other Names:
Sperm analysis; sperm count; seminal fluid analysis

Related Tests:
Antisperm antibody test; FSH; LH; Testosterone; Prolactin

Why:
To investigate you to see if there is a problem with your fertility. This is often done if your partner is having trouble becoming pregnant. It is also necessary after a vasectomy operation to ensure that the sterilisation operation was successful and tha

When:
When you think you might have a fertility problem or after you have had a vasectomy

Sample Type:
A semen sample collected in a sterile container provided by the laboratory or doctor

Test Prep:
In order for the test to be reliable, you may need to abstain from masturbation or sex for two to four days before the sample is collected. You should follow the instructions given to you by the laboratory or your doctor.
The Test

Test General info:
A semen analysis measures the quantity and quality of the fluid released from the penis during ejaculation. It evaluates both the liquid portion, called semen, and the microscopic moving cells, called spermatozoa (sperm).
Semen is the turbid, whitish liq


Test Name:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol


Test Name:
Serum Protein Electrophoresis , Urine Protein Electrophoresis , IFE


Test Name:
Serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis


Related Tests:
Testosterone; Free Testosterone; Bioavailable Testosterone

Why:
To evaluate whether the concentration of SHBG is affecting the amount of testosterone available to the body’s tissues.

When:
When your total testosterone results do not fit well with clinical signs and suggest deficient or excessive testosterone production.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, an

Test General info:
The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) test measures the level of SHBG in the blood. SHBG is a protein that is produced by the liver. SHBG binds tightly to the hormones testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and oestradiol (an oestrogen) and transports


Why:
To monitor progression or recurrence of a rare cancer called mesothelioma; this cancer affects the membranes that surround the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity. Most cases of mesothelioma are associated with asbestos exposure.

When:
After you have been diagnosed with mesothelioma, this test may be requested to follow response to treatment at anytime during or after treatment.

Test General info:
This test measures the quantity in the blood of a small molecule called mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP). These peptides are breakdown products from proteins found in the membranes lining the cavities that surround the lungs, heart, and abdomen. Large a


Other Names:
Sometimes referred to by brand name (e.g. Vancocin)

Related Tests:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; C.diff (Clostridium difficile toxin); Screening

Why:
To measure and monitor the concentration of vancomycin in the blood

When:
At intervals during vancomycin treatment

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of vancomycin in the blood. Vancomycin is an antimicrobial that is used to treat serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Developed in the 1950s, vancomycin was originally prescribed primarily when organism

Related Diseases:
Tests: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance and C. diff


Why:
To determine whether you have pathogenic bacteria in your gastrointestinal tract.

When:
When you have diarrhoea that lasts more than a few days and/or have blood or mucous in your loose stools.

Sample Type:
A fresh stool sample or one that has been placed in a transport medium (a collection bottle containing a nutrient solution).
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The stool culture is a test that allows the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in the stool. In the laboratory, a small amount of a fresh faecal sample is applied to a variety of nutrient media (thin layers of gelatin like material in ste


Other Names:
T-cell Gene Clonality; TCGR; TCR Gene Rearrangement

Related Tests:
Full Blood Count, White Blood Cell Differential, Blood Film, Immunophenotyping, Chromosome Analysis, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, B-cell Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement

Why:
To help diagnose a T-cell lymphoma; sometimes to detect and evaluate residual cancer cells

When:
When a doctor thinks that you may have a T-cell lymphoma; when a doctor would like to assess whether treatment has been effective and/or whether lymphoma has recurred

Sample Type:
A bone marrow, tissue such as a lymph node (biopsy), or body fluid sample collected by your doctor; sometimes a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This test detects characteristic changes (rearrangements) in specific genes in T-cells. This information can be helpful in diagnosing a T-cell lymphoma.
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte (a kind of white blood cell, WBC) that helps to protect the body fro


Why:
Usually as part of a renal profile (collection of tests which help investigate the kidney), to screen for an electrolyte or acid-base imbalance in conditions known to cause such disturbances or to monitor a known imbalance


Related Tests:
Free (FT) and bioavailable testosterone; Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinising hormone (LH); sex-homone-binding globulin (SHBG); oestradiol (E2), androstenedione; dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS)

Why:
To find out if testosterone levels are abnormal in a male or female patient. Measurement may help to explain why a man has difficulty in getting an erect penis (erectile dysfunction), the inability of your partner to get pregnant (infertility), premature

When:
If you are man and your doctor thinks that you may be infertile or if you are unable to get or maintain an erection
If you are a boy with either early or delayed sexual maturity
If you are a female but have male traits, such as a low voice or excessive body hair (hirsutism), or are infertile or have no periods or if they are irregular

Test General info:
Testosterone is a steroid hormone (androgen) made by the testes in males. The production of testosterone is stimulated and controlled by luteinising hormone (LH), which is manufactured in the pituitary gland.
In men, testosterone stimulates the enlargeme


Related Tests:
TSH, total T4, total T3, free T4, free T3, Thyroid Antibodies, Calcitonin, Thyroglobulin

Why:
To help evaluate thyroid gland function, to help diagnose thyroid disorders and to monitor the response to treatment.

When:
As part of a health checkup or when symptoms suggest hypo- or hyperthyroidism due to a condition affecting the thyroid; following commencement of treatment for disorders of the thyroid gland.

Test Prep:
None needed; however, certain medications can interfere with the tests included in the panel, so tell your doctor about any drugs that you are taking.
The Test

Test General info:
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of tests that are requested together to help evaluate thyroid gland function, to help diagnose thyroid gland disorders and to monitor the response to treatment of thyroid disorders. TFTs include a measure of the a

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Thyroid Diseases
Screening: Thyroid dysfunction - Adults, Adults 50 and Up


Related Tests:
Thyroglobulin antibody; Tumour markers ; TSH; Thyroxine (T4)

Why:
To monitor treatment of some types of thyroid cancer and to detect recurrence

When:
Once treatment for thyroid cancer has been completed, before and after radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer, and at regular intervals to monitor for recurrence

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of thyroglobulin in the blood.  Thyroglobulin is a protein produced by follicle cells in the thyroid gland.  The thyroid gland is a small butterfly shaped organ that helps to regulate the rate at which the body uses energy.


Test Name:
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody


Other Names:
total iron-binding capacity; total iron saturation; transferrin saturation; unsaturated iron-binding capacity

Related Tests:
Iron Tests, Serum Iron, Ferritin, Zinc Protoporphyrin, Full Blood Count, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Reticulocyte Count, Soluble Transferrin Receptor


Why:
To screen for several infectious diseases that can cause birth defects in newborns and illness in adults

When:
If you become ill while pregnant or if a baby is born with congenital abnormalities that may be caused by an infection with one of these diseases

Sample Type:
A blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm by needle or by heel prick for infants

Test General info:
TORCH is an acronym for a group of four infectious diseases that may cause illness in pregnant women and may cause birth defects in their newborns. The test is a screen for the presence of any of the antibodies to these infections. Confirmation of an acti


Test Name:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin


Related Tests:
Synovial Fluid Analysis, Kidney Stone Analysis

Why:
To detect high levels of uric acid, which could be a sign of the condition gout, or to monitor uric acid levels when undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy; to detect high levels of uric acid in the urine in order to diagnose the cause of kidney stones a

When:
When you have joint pain or other symptoms that your doctor suspects may be due to gout; when monitoring certain chemotherapy or radiation therapies for cancer; when you have recurrent kidney stones; when you have gout or are otherwise at risk for kidney stone formation

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a 24-hour urine sample

Test Prep:
None may be needed however some institutions recommend fasting. Follow any instructions you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in the body in substances such as nucleic acids (DNA, RNA).  They enter the circulation from digestion of certain foods, drinks (alcoholic beverages like beer


Related Tests:
Urine culture; Urine protein; Urea; Creatinine; Creatinine clearance; Microalbumin; eGFR

Why:
To look for metabolic and kidney disorders and for urinary tract infections

When:
On admission to a hospital; preparation for surgery; as part of a medical examination; or when evaluating a new pregnancy. It may be done if you have tummy or back pain, frequent or painful urination, or blood in the urine

Sample Type:
Sample of urine (20-50 mls) in a sterile container; the first urine passed in the morning is the most valuable
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test identifies and measures some of the by-products of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cell fragments, and bacteria in urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, which filter wastes out of the blood, help regulate the amount of water in the bod

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pregnancy, Kidney disease, Urinary tract infection (UTI), Proteinuria, Diabetes, Multiple Myeloma, Hypertension


Test Name:
Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio or ACR


Test Name:
Urine Protein and Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio


Related Tests:
Catecholamines; Plasma Free Metadrenalines; Urine Metadrenalines; Homovanillic Acid; Urine Creatinine

Why:
To help diagnose or rule out a neuroblastoma, phaeochromocytoma, or other neuroendocrine tumour; to monitor the effectiveness of treatment

When:
When your child has an abdominal mass, bruising around the eyes, trouble walking, or bone pain; when you have symptoms of increased catecholamine release, such as persistent or episodic high blood pressure, severe headaches, rapid heart rate, and sweating; when you have been treated for a neuroendocrine tumour, such as neuroblastoma or phaeochromocytoma

Sample Type:
A 24-hour urine sample is preferred; sometimes a random urine sample is acceptable.

Test Prep:
This test is affected by caffeine, certain drugs, and stresses. It is important to inform your healthcare professional of any medications being taken, including herbal supplements and over-the-counter products, and to follow any instructions provided for

Test General info:
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is one of the metabolites of the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). This test measures the amount of VMA that is excreted into the urine, typically over a 24-hour period, to detect exces


When:
When other tests are being done to assess vascular risk

Test General info:
Very low density lipoprotein is one of the three major lipoprotein particles. The other two are high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Each particle contains a mixture of cholesterol, triglyceride and protein, but in varying amo


Why:
To determine the cause of viral meningitis or encephalitis that occurs during the summer season; to detect the presence of West Nile Virus (WNV)

When:
When a patient has symptoms suggesting WNV such as headache, fever, stiff neck, and muscular weakness and a diagnosis of encephalitis and/or meningitis; also used as a screen for WNV in donated units of blood

Sample Type:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a spinal tap and/or a blood sample taken from a vein in your arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infection that is transmitted to humans primarily by mosquitoes. It is not usually transmitted person-to-person, but there have been cases of WNV being passed on to others through blood donations, organ transplants, and rarely

Related Diseases:
Conditions: West Nile Virus, Meningitis and Encephalitis
Articles: Blood Banking


# Tests in kits

Reference Range G:
<20.0 Deficiency
(mild:10-20 ,                      moderate: 5-10,                severe: <5)                         20 - 30.0 Insufficiency
65.0 - 70.0 Optimal


Test Name:
Activated Protein C Resistance (APCRV), Plasma


Test Name:
AFP (Alpha Fetoprotein) in amniotic fluid


Test Name:
ALCOHOL FOR DRIVERS by Gas Chromatography


Test Name:
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Serum


Test Name:
Anti b- Lactoglobulin (Cow milk and Soya) IgG


Test Name:
Anti Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Anti Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Abs (IF) Qualitative


Test Name:
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Abs (IF) Quantitative


Reference Range G:
Normal : Less than 12
Equlvocal : 12-18
Positive : More than 18


Test Name:
Anti-MAG (Myelin associated glycoprotein) Abs


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (22), PCR, Amniotic Fluid


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (22), PCR, Blood


Test Name:
b2- Glycoprotein 1 (B2GP-1) IgG & IgM Antibodies


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (b Thalassemia), Amniotic


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (b Thalassemia), Blood


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia  Sequencing - Targeted known mutation


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia  Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diag)–unknown mutation


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Prenatal Analysis - Sequencing entire coding region


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Bilirubin, amniotic fluid spectral curve


Test Name:
Body Fluid Analysis, Cell Count & Biochemical


Test Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
BRCA1 Prenatal Analysis - known mutation


Test Name:
BRCA1 Prenatal analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
CARBON MONOXIDE by Hs-Gas Chromatography


Test Name:
Cardiovasular Disease, 12 Mutation Profile, PCR


Test Name:
Catecholamines, Total and Free (urine, plasma)


Test Name:
CATECHOLAMINES, FRACTIONATION, ( HPLC )-Plasma

Reference Range G:
Adrenaline : <100
Noradrenaline: <600
Dopamine: <100


Test Name:
Cerebrospinal Fluid Bacterial Latex Test


Test Name:
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Gene) Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
CFTR PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
CFTR PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - unknown mutation


Test Name:
CFTR Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies IgA, Serum


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Reference Range G:
MALE :  > 45                                                                               FEMALE: > 50


Reference Range G:
DIABETIC : <100                                                                         NON-DIABETIC: <130


Test Name:
CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY in RBc And Plasma


Test Name:
Chromosomal Karyotyping, Fragile X Syndrome


Test Name:
CONFERMATION TEST FOR MAPLE SYRUP -URINE By GCMS


Test Name:
Coproporphyrins & Uroporphyrins chemical method


Test Name:
Coxiella burnetii Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Coxiella burnetii Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie (A7, 9, 16 & 24) Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie (A7, 9, 16 & 24) Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie Virus B1-6 Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie Virus B1-6 Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Reference Range G:
Negative: <0.6                   Low CVD Risk: 0.6-1.0                             Moderate CVD RISK: 1.0-3.0                                               High CVD RISK : > 3.0


Test Name:
Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes, Electrophoresis, Serum


Test Name:
Cystinuria Carrier Testing  known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria PGD (Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria PGD (Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis)- unknown mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Prenatal Analysis - known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Sequencing - Targeted known exons


Test Name:
Cystinuria Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Test Name:
DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)/Becker Deletion


Test Name:
ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens) Titer


Test Name:
ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens ), Abs Per Antigen


Test Name:
Factor II Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 13: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 18: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 21: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes 21, 13 & 18: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes X & Y Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes: 21, 13, X & Y Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for X Chromosome: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Y Chromosome: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH on CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) for Down syndrome


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 2 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 3 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 4 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 5 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, one probe


Test Name:
FMF PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) known mutation


Test Name:
Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD65) Abs, Serum


Test Name:
GTT (Glucose tolerance test) per serum glucose sample


Reference Range G:
< 0.8
Equivocal 	0.8 - 1
Positive 	> - 1.2


Reference Range G:
Positive    >12
Negative < 8
Equivocal 8-12


Test Name:
Haemoglobin Varients, HPLC &  Electrophoresis, Blood


Reference Range G:
<1.1
Non-reactive	< - 0.90	COI
Border	0.90 - 1.10	COI
Reactive	> 1.10 -	COI
Test interpretation  line


Reference Range G:
Non-reactive   < - 1.00
Reactive   >  1.00 -


Reference Range G:
Non-reactive < - 1.00
Reactive >  1.00 -


Test Name:
Heparin (Anti Factor Xa Activitiy), Plasma:


Test Name:
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (Factor IV)


Test Name:
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Serotyping, Strains 1-6


Test Name:
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Herpes Simplex Virus I & II (HSV I & II) DNA, PCR


Test Name:
HLA-ABC Class I by Serology, Immunobeads or PCR method


Test Name:
HLA-DR Class II by Serology, Immunobeads or PCR method


Test Name:
HOMOCYSTEINE, CYSTEINE, METHIONIONE AND AROMATIC ACIDS PROFILE By GCMS


Test Name:
HPLC for Floxetene or Fluoxamine (Prozac)


Test Name:
HPLC for Individual Amino Acids, each (Arginine, Aspartate, Cystine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Histidine, Glutamine, Glycine, Lysine, Thrionine, Methionine, Ornithine)


Test Name:
HPLC for Organic acids (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)


Test Name:
HPLC: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline and L-DOPA


Test Name:
HPLC: Aminoacid Profile, plasma or urine


Test Name:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1&2 Ag/ Ab's Serum


Test Name:
Human papilloma Virus Subtypes: 6, 11, 40, 16, 18, 31, 45, 56, 52


Test Name:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotyping, PCR


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Prenatal Analysis - known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Sequencing - Targeted known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Test Name:
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1), serum


Test Name:
Immunoglobulin G Subclass II (IgG2), Serum


Test Name:
Immunophenotyping / Marker, Flow Cytometry


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain A Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain A Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain B Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain B Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzymes, Serum


Test Name:
Legionella pneumophilia Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) Score


Reference Range G:
(Female) Follicular : 	2.4 - 12.6
Mid cycle : 	14.0 - 95.6
Luteal phase	 : 1.0 - 11.4
Post-Menopause : 	7.7 - 58.7.0
(Male	) :  			1.7 - 8.6


Test Name:
Lupus Anticoagulant (Two Methods), Plasma


Test Name:
Lymphocyte Toxicity test by serology or PCR


Test Name:
Natural Killer Cell (CD16 + CD56), Flow Cytometry


Test Name:
Neonatal Screen (TSH, T4, PKU, Galactose, G6PD)


Test Name:
Neuronal Nuclear Ab (ANNA), IgG, Serum-Hu,Yo & Ri


Test Name:
Neuronal Nuclear Ab (ANNA), IgM, Serum-Hu,Yo & Ri


Test Name:
Nitroblue Tetrazolium, Neutrophil Function Test


Test Name:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COL1A1/A2 Gene Analysis Per Exon


Test Name:
P53 PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
P53 PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - unknown mutation


Test Name:
P53 Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Pancreatic Langerhans Islet Cell Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Ab's, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Ab's, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type3 Ab's, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
PRA (Panel Reactive Antibody) by Serology or PCR


Test Name:
Pregnancy Test, Serum  (sens.= 20mIU/ml)


Reference Range G:
Males Adults: 0.13-0.97  
Females
-Prepubertal: 0.07-0.52 	
-Follicular:    0.15 0.70	
-Luteal: 2.0 - 25.0 
-Postmenopausal: 0.06-1.6 
Pregnancy:                                  
- 1st trimester: 10.3-44.0     
- 2nd trimester: 19.5 -82.5        
-3rd trimester: 65-229


Test Name:
Prostate Work-up, (urine cell counts pre-&post-prostatic issuate, direct smear, gram stain, C&S)


Test Name:
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA), Free, Serum


Test Name:
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA), Total, Serum


Test Name:
Prothrombin G20210A Mutation, PCR, Blood


Test Name:
Rheumatiod Factor (RF) IgG Isotype, Serum


Test Name:
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) IgA Isotype, Serum


Test Name:
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) IgM Isotype, Serum


Test Name:
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Turbidimetry, Serum


Test Name:
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Abs, IgG


Test Name:
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Abs, IgM


Test Name:
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibodies, IgA, Serum


Test Name:
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
SCREEN AND LEVEL ANTIEPILEPTIC-SERUM  By GC-MS


Test Name:
SCREEN AND LEVEL BENZODIAZEPINES - SERUM by GC_MS


Test Name:
SCREEN AND LEVEL OF TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSENT By GC-MS


Test Name:
Seminal Fluid Analysis:Routine(physical, sperm density, motility, morphology, cell counts)


Test Name:
Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR), Serum


Test Name:
Thrombophilia Genetic Panel (APCR, MTHFR & Prothrombin Mutations), PCR


Test Name:
Tissue Transglutaminase Ab, IgA, Serum :


Test Name:
Tissue Transglutaminase Ab, IgG, Serum :


Test Name:
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Serum


Test Name:
Toxocara canis Antibody Structure, Serum


Reference Range G:
Negative : <= 0 - 0.499
Positive : > 0.6


Test Name:
Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination (TPHA), Serum


Test Name:
Treponema pallidum IgG & IgM, Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Trichomonas vaginalis, Yeast & Fungi, Wet Mount


Test Name:
Tumor Marker ABL-BCR Quantitative by PCR


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: InV.(16)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (1, 19)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (12, 21)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (15, 17)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (18, 14)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (4, 11)


Test Name:
Tumor Marker Translocation Qualitative by PCR: t (8, 18)


Test Name:
Urethral Discharge: (swabbing, gram stain, wet mount)


Test Name:
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Serum


Test Name:
Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxal Phosphate ) Serum:


Test Name:
VOLATILES SOLVENTS( SERUM) BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY


Test Name:
Von Willebrand (Factor VIII Related Ag), Plasma


Test Name:
Hysterectomy (uterus) with tubes & ovaries non-neoplastic


Test Name:
Hysterectomy (uterus) with tubes & ovaries neoplastic


Test Name:
Body fluid/secretionn, routine cytology for malignant cells


Test Name:
Wash / Lavage, routine cytology for malignant cells


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, deep mass, routine


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, superficial mass, routine


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, testicular, under LA / GA


Test Name:
Bone marrow aspiration, including iron stain


Test Name:
Bone marrow needle core biopsy, including reticulin stain


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  ALL Panel (up to 10 markers)


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  Immunodeficiency Panel CD4, CD8, CD4/8 ratio, CD19,CD5,CD16


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  Solid phase panel (up to 10 markers)


Test Name:
Immunohistochemistry solid phase for each antibody


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Grimelius, silver stain for fungus


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Methyl green pyronin


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Orcein for copper


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Orcein for Hepatitis B Antigen


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Perls stain for hemosiderin


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Tartare resistant acid phosphatase


Test Name:
SPECIAL STAINS ON TISSUE Trichrome stain


Test Name:
FROZEN SECTION For first frozen sections block


Test Name:
FROZEN SECTION For subsequent blocks  additional


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Pathology consultation, second opinion (without markers)


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Telepathology consultation (without markers)


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Bone marrow aspiration &  biopsy


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, deep mass, routine


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, superficial mass, routine


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, testicular, under LA / GA


Test Name:
Interval between ejaculation and startof analysis (min)


Reference Range G:
50% or more (a + b)      25% or more (a)


Reference Range G:
< 10% absence of antibodies< 50% may not affect fertility


Reference Range G:
< 10% absence of antibodies     < 50% may not affect fertility


Reference Range G:
Multicentre studies now in progress.Current values 15% or more normalforms


Test Name:
Phil Chromosome or BCR-ABL by PCR ( Quantitative)


Test Name:
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)


Reference Range G:
12-14
INR: <1.1 Normal
INR:2-3.8 Theraputic
INR > 4.0 Abnormal


Reference Range G:
> 90 : Normal kidney function     
60-89 : 	Kidney damage with mild loss of kidney function
44-59: 	Mild to moderate loss of kidney function
30-44: 	Moderate to severe loss of kidney function
15-29 : 	Severe loss of kidney function 
<15 : Kidney Failure


Reference Range G:
Healthy Range: 0.5-1.4                                                                              >1.9 indicates early insulin resistance                  >2.9 indicates significant insulin resistance


# tests infor1

Test Name2:
Electrophoresis (protein)    Proportion of total protein -beta-2-Globulin

Other Names:
Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein 1; β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies; Beta 2GP1 Ab

Formal Name:
Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (IgG, IgM, and very rarely IgA)

Related Tests:
Cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, antiphospholipid antibodies, anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies, anti-prothrombin antibodies

Why:
To help investigate inappropriate blood clot formation; to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage; as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

Test Prep:
No test preparation is necessary.
The Test

Test General info:
This test detects and measures one or more classes (IgG, IgM, or very rarely IgA) of beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies. Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is one of three primary antiphospholipid antibodies, which are autoantibodies (produced by the body and a

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Autoimmune Disorders, Excessive Clotting Disorders


Other Names:
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2); Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3); Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]); Calcifidiol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D); Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D])

Formal Name:
25-hydroxy-vitamin D (Calcidiol); 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D (Calcitriol)

Related Tests:
Calcium; Phosphate; Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); Magnesium; Bone Markers; Trace Elements

Why:
To investigate a problem related to bone metabolism or parathyroid function, possible vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption and to monitor some patients taking vitamin D.

Test General info:
The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate the absorption of calcium, phosphate, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium from the gut. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, lymphoma, autoimmune conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease


Other Names:
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; HIAA; Serotonin metabolite

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor treatment for a serotonin-secreting carcinoid tumour

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the urine. 5-HIAA is a muscle stimulant and the primary metabolite of serotonin, a chemical derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin is produced as needed by the nervous syst

Related Diseases:
Apart from the Related Tests noted above, there are no other related pages on this site.


Sample Type:
A 24-hour urine sample; rarely a random urine sample
The Test Sample


Other Names:
24 Hour Urine Protein; Urine Total Protein; Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio

Related Tests:
Urinalysis; Albumin; Microalbumin; Protein Electrophoresis; Total Protein

Why:
To detect excessive protein escaping into the urine, to help evaluate and monitor kidney function, and to detect kidney damage

Test General info:
The urine protein test measures the amount of protein being excreted in the urine. There are several different kinds of urine protein tests. A semi-quantitative protein “dipstick” is frequently performed as part of a urinalysis, generally on a random urin


Related Tests:
Protein electrophoresis, Total protein, Blood gases, Liver function tests

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of early onset emphysema and/or liver disease. To establish the risk of developing alpha-1 antitrypsin-related emphysema and/or liver disease and the likelihood that children might inherit the risk

Test General info:
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protein that is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream. A1AT works by inactivating several enzymes but the main one is the enzyme elastase present in the lungs. Elastase is an enzyme produced by neutrophils

Related Diseases:
Conditions:  Liver disease, Lung diseases


Other Names:
Alloantibody Identification; Antibody ID, RBC; Ab ID

Related Tests:
Direct Antiglobulin; Indirect Antiglobulin; Blood Typing; Type and screen; Crossmatch

Why:
To identify the specific antibody present when a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is positive; to help identify the cause of a transfusion reaction or the cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
Antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) can be produced by the body`s immune system in response to being exposed to ``foreign`` RBC antigens, structures found on the surface of RBCs. This test identifies the specificity of red blood cell antibodies in the bl

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Pregnancy, Bleeding Disorders
Feature Articles: Blood Banking


Why:
To detect the presence of anticentromere antibodies; to help diagnose limited cutaneous scleroderma

Test General info:
The anticentromere antibody (ACA) is an antibody (a protein produced by the immune system) that targets the body`s own tissues. ACA targets the centromere, part of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of the body`s cells. The ACA is one of several autoant


Related Tests:
INR (International Normalised Ratio, prothrombin time)

Why:
In order to assess risk of liver damage after overdosage and to decide on the need for protective, antidotal therapy

Test General info:
The plasma paracetamol concentration is being measured.


Other Names:
Serum ketone; Plasma ketone; Beta-hydroxybutyrate; Ketone bodies; Ketoacids; Beta-hydroxybutyric acid; Acetoacetate; Acetoacetic acid; Acetone

Related Tests:
Urine ketones; Urinalysis; Blood gases; Glucose

Why:
To determine whether excessive ketones are present in the blood, to detect diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), to detect alcoholic ketoacidosis and to monitor ketogenic diet therapy used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ketones in the blood. Ketones are produced during the bodies processing (metabolism) of fats. They are made when glucose is not available to the body’s cells as an energy source. When fatty acids are metabolised, ketones b


Formal Name:
Acid-fast bacillus smear; culture; and sensitivity

Why:
To help identify a mycobacterial infection; to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) or to monitor the effectiveness of treatment

Sample Type:
Usually, three specially collected spit (sputum) samples are collected early in the morning on different days. If you are unable to produce a sputum sample, a bronchoscope may be used to collect fluid during a procedure called a bronchoscopy. In children,

Test General info:
The test looks for the presence of bacteria called acid-fast bacilli (AFB) which are rod shaped bacteria that can be seen and counted under the microscope in a specially stained sample on a glass slide, called an AFB smear. The most common AFB are of a ty


Related Tests:
Albumin, Creatinine, Glucose, Haemoglobin A1c

Why:
To be screened for the early detection of kidney disease occurring as a complication of diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure)

Test General info:
Albumin is a protein that is present in large amounts in the blood. When the kidneys are working properly, only tiny amounts of albumin pass from the bloodstream into the urine. In kidney failure (the last stage of a slow process of decline in kidney func


Related Tests:
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Prothrombin Time (PT), Anti-Xa assay

Why:
To monitor heparin and other anticoagulation when undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, coronary angioplasty, and dialysis

Test General info:
ACT is a blood clotting test that is used primarily to monitor high doses of heparin anticoagulant therapy. Heparin is a blood clot inhibitor that is usually given either intravenously (IV) or by subcutaneous (under the skin) injection. In moderate doses

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bleeding Disorders, Hypercoagulable Disorders


Related Tests:
Cortisol; Synacthen stimulation test; dexamethasone suppression test

Why:
To diagnose adrenal and pituitary diseases such as Cushing`s syndrome, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease, adrenal tumours, and pituitary tumours; usually done as a diagnostic test once an abnormal cortisol level is detected

Test Prep:
The sample is unstable so needs to be collected in a hospital that has laboratory facilities to process it immediately. It cannot usually be collected at a GP surgery. Typically it is taken in the morning, about 9 am.
The Test

Test General info:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland (located below the brain within the skull) to stimulate secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands (small organs located at the top of each kidney). Stress can st


Related Tests:
PTT, Coagulation factors, D-dimer, Fibrinogen, Homocysteine, Lupus Anticoagulant, Proteins C & S, PT, PT 20210, Factor V Leiden

Why:
To help investigate the cause of recurrent or inappropriate blood clotting; to help diagnose an antithrombin deficiency

Test General info:
Antithrombin testing measures the function and quantity of antithrombin.  Antithrombin is a protein produced by the liver to help control blood clotting. Normally, when a blood vessel is injured, the body activates a series of coagulation factors, in a pr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hypercoagulable Disorders, Bleeding Disorders, Liver Disease


Other Names:
Hepatitis testing; Viral hepatitis testing; Hepatitis screening tests

Related Tests:
Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Liver function tests; AST; ALT; ALP; Bilirubin

Why:
To detect and diagnose an infection with a hepatitis virus

Test General info:
An acute viral hepatitis panel is a group of tests often performed together to detect a viral hepatitis infection. Hepatitis is a condition characterised by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. It has many different causes including, for example, dr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hepatitis, Liver Disease, Travellers` Diseases


Formal Name:
Butyrylcholinesterase; BChE; acylcholine acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8

Why:
To find out if you are likely to have temporary paralysis after being given a muscle relaxant called suxamethonium during surgery. This temporary paralysis is called suxamethonium apnoea. To investigate the cause of temporary paralysis following treatment

Test General info:
There are two similar cholinesterase enzymes in the body; butrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) found in the blood plasma, intestine and white matter of the brain, and acetylcholinesterase found in red blood cells, grey matter of the brain and nerve


Why:
To screen for a rare mutation in the PSEN1 gene known to be associated with Early Onset Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (EOFAD)

Test General info:
This test looks for mutations in the PSEN1 gene, which have been associated with Early Onset Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (EOFAD). Although most AD starts after the age of 65 (late onset), about 5-10% of cases of the disease begin in people under 65 years


Related Tests:
TB tests, AFB Smear and Culture, Body Fluid Analysis, Pleural Fluid Analysis

Why:
To help detect or rule out a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Sample Type:
A volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis; other body fluids are collected using other procedures

Test General info:
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a protein that is produced by cells throughout the body and is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to infections. Conditions that trigger the immun

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Lung Diseases


Other Names:
Antidiuretic Hormone; Vasopressin; Arginine Vasopressin; AVP

Related Tests:
Osmolality, Creatinine, Sodium, Urea, Urinalysis

Why:
To help detect, diagnose, and determine the cause of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency or excess. However, this test is not widely used; diagnoses of conditions of ADH excess/ deficiency are usually based on clinical history and other laboratory tests

Test Prep:
Alcohol and some medications (including diuretics) can interfere with ADH secretion or its action. Talk to your doctor to identify any medications that should be discontinued before the test.
An ADH test may be requested as part of a water deprivation te

Test General info:
The ADH test measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood. ADH, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone helps regulate water bala

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pituitary Disorders, Kidney Disease


Other Names:
Dopamine; adrenaline (epinephrine); noradrenaline (norepinephrine); free urine catecholamines

Related Tests:
Plasma free metadrenalines; urine metadrenalines; fractionated urine metadrenalines

Why:
To help diagnose or rule out a phaeochromocytoma or other neuroendocrine tumour

Sample Type:
A 24-hour urine sample (collected into a bottle containing a small amount of acid) or possibly a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
Note: These tests are affected by certain drugs, foods, and stresses. Inform your doctor of any medicines you are t

Test Prep:
You may be asked to lie down and rest quietly for 15-30 minutes prior to sample collection, and your blood may be collected while you are lying down. In other circumstances, you may just be seated upright with little or no rest time before the sample coll

Test General info:
Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the medulla (central portion) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular organs which sit on top of each kidney. The main catecholamines are dopamine, adrenaline (epinephrine)


Other Names:
Search
Help? Tests List of all tests and acronyms Test not listed? 5-HIAA 17-Hydroxyprogesterone ACE ACR ACT ACTH Adenosine Deaminase ADH AFB Smear and Culture AFP Tumour Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergy Test ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT AMA Ammonia Amn

Related Tests:
Gram stain; Susceptibility testing; Blood culture; Urine culture; AFB smear and culture; Fungal culture; MRSA screening

Why:
To detect a bacterial wound infection, to determine which specific bacteria are present, and to isolate and grow the bacteria for subsequent susceptibility testing

Sample Type:
Usually a sterile swab used to collect cells or pus from the site of the suspected infection. Occasionally aspirations of fluid from deeper wounds into a syringe and/or a tissue biopsy may be required.

Test General info:
A bacterial wound culture is a test that is used to detect and identify pathogenic bacteria in a potentially infected wound. Wounds may be superficial breaks in the skin such as scrapes, cuts and scratches or may involve deeper tissues such as incisions,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and Skin Infections, Staph Wound Infections and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus


Field1:
AFP (Alpha Fetoprotein) in amniotic fluid

Why:
To screen for and monitor therapy for certain cancers of the liver and testes

Test General info:
AFP is a protein that is normally produced by the developing fetus. However, it can also be produced by certain tumours and disease of the liver. Raised levels of AFP are found in the majority of patients with a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver cancer, Testicular cancer


Field1:
HIV by PCR, Qualitative        HIV by PCR, Quantitative

Formal Name:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test

Related Tests:
p24 antigen test; HIV resistance testing; HIV viral load; CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts

Why:
To determine if you are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Sample Type:
A blood sample collected from a vein in your arm; the test can also be performed on urine or saliva (spit)

Test General info:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by slowly destroying the over a period of years, leaving the body vulnerable to debilitating infections. This test detects HIV antibodies produced by the body that can be

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Features: Blood Banking: Donating Blood
Screening: Pregnancy Screening: Pre-Conception and First Trimester


Formal Name:
[Primary tests]; Delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA); porphobilinogen (PBG); porphyrins

Why:
To help diagnose and sometimes to monitor porphyrias (a group of inherited disorders involving disturbance in the metabolism of haem, a component of haemoglobin)

Test Prep:
None required, but preferably collect samples when symptoms are occuring
The Test

Test General info:
Porphyrin tests are assays that are used to help diagnose, and monitor a group of disorders called porphyrias. Most porphyrin tests detect and measure by-products of the synthesis of haem, a part of haemoglobin (the protein inside red blood cells that all


Related Tests:
Prealbumin, Microalbumin, Liver function tests

Why:
To screen for liver or kidney disease especially in hospitalised patients

Test General info:
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood plasma. It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and carries hormones, vitamins, drugs, and ions like calcium throughout the body. Albumin is made in the liver and its concentra

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Kidney disease


Field1:
ALCOHOL FOR DRIVERS by Gas Chromatography

Related Tests:
Drugs of Abuse Screen; Full Blood Count (FBC); Glucose; Electrolytes

Why:
To find out if a person has drunk alcohol and to measure the amount of alcohol present.

Sample Type:
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) can be measured in blood sample, urine, saliva or in breath. Blood, urine, and saliva samples must be sent to a laboratory for analysis. A breath sample is analysed immediately on site using a Breathalyzer.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ethanol in the blood, urine, breath, or saliva. Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol or alcohol) has been consumed by civilizations throughout the world for thousands of years. Small amounts of ethyl alcohol can cause excite


Why:
To see if your aldosterone or renin levels are abnormal; to detect hyperaldosteronism (overproduction of aldosterone) or hypoaldosteronism (underproduction of aldosterone)

Test Prep:
You may be asked to adhere to an unrestricted salt diet prior to the test or to temporarily discontinue one or more medications. Please follow any instructions you are given, as this is important to ensure the validity of test results.
The Test

Test General info:
Aldosterone is a hormone which regulates the retention of sodium (salt) and water by the kidney and also regulates the removal of potassium. It plays an important role in the control of blood pressure.
Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands which

Related Diseases:
Condition: Addison`s Disease, Conn`s Syndrome, Cushing`s Syndrome


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a 24-hour urine sample


Related Tests:
AST; ALT; GGT; Bilirubin; Liver function tests; Bone markers

Why:
To screen for or monitor treatment for a liver or bone disorder

Test Prep:
Fasting is preferred but not required for this test. Eating a meal can increase the ALP level slightly for a few hours in some people. It is usually better to do the test after fasting overnight. In this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in high levels in bone and liver. Smaller amounts of ALP are found in the placenta of women who are pregnant, and in the intestines. Each of these body parts makes different forms of ALP. The different forms are cal


Related Tests:
Total IgE, Full blood count (FBC), White blood cell differential count , Eosinophil count, Basophil count

Test General info:
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a protein involved with allergic reactions; it is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. IgE is an antibody that functions as part of the body`s immune system and helps to defend against ``intruders``. When someone wi


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm
The Test Sample


Related Tests:
AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, liver function tests

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, although you should inform your doctor about any drugs you are taking.
The Test

Test General info:
ALT is an enzyme found mostly in the liver; smaller amounts are also found in the kidneys, heart, and muscles. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into the bloodstream, hence increasing the concentration that can be detected in a blood test. This o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Hepatitis, Alcoholism, Wilson Disease, Haemochromatosis


Formal Name:
Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody

Related Tests:
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), Liver/Kidney microsomal antibody, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Liver panel, Smooth muscle antibody (SMA), Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Why:
To help diagnose primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)

Test General info:
This test measures whether antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are present in the blood. Moderate or high levels of AMA are strongly associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and scarring of the


Other Names:
AMH; Mullerian-inhibiting hormone; MIH; Mullerian inhibiting factor; MIF; Mullerian-inhibiting substance; MIS

Related Tests:
FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), Antral follicle count

Why:
In the UK, measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has three generally accepted uses (based on published evidence):
To help guide treatment of women undergoing assisted conception procedures. 
As part of an investigation of abnormal sexual developme

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from the vein in your arm or from a heal prick in an infant

Test General info:
The test measures a hormone called anti – Müllerian hormone (AMH). This hormone is very important during the development of the male foetus as it is essential for the formation of male reproductive organs. 
In males, AMH is generated within cells in the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Infertility
In the News: Study finds hormone is useful for predicting success of in vitro fertilisation


Field1:
Aminophylline, Nuelin, Phyllocontin, Slo-Phyllin, Uniphyllin

Test Name2:
Aminophylline, Nuelin, Phyllocontin, Slo-Phyllin, Uniphyllin

Other Names:
Aminophylline, Nuelin, Phyllocontin, Slo-Phyllin, Uniphyllin

Related Tests:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Emergency and Overdose Drug Testing

Why:
To measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood, to establish an appropriate dose and to maintain an appropriate level

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or from pricking an infant’s heel

Test Prep:
No specific test preparation is needed.
The Test

Test General info:
Theophylline and caffeine are methylxanthines – drugs that ease and stimulate breathing. These tests measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood to help establish an appropriate dose and maintain the right level. Theophylline is one of sev


Why:
To detect elevated concentrations of ammonia in the blood, to help diagnose severe liver disease and certain genetic urea cycle disorders, to investigate changes in consciousness, or to help diagnose hepatic encephalopathy and Reye’s syndrome

Test Prep:
Avoid smoking cigarettes prior to collection of the specimen and follow any other instructions that you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of ammonia in the blood. Ammonia is a chemical produced by bacteria in the intestine and by cells in the body during the processing of proteins.  Ammonia is a poisonous waste product which is normally transported to th


Other Names:
Amniocentesis; Foetal Lung Maturity Tests

Related Tests:
Triple/Quad Screen; Maternal AFP (alpha-fetoprotein); Blood Typing; Bilirubin; First Trimester Down Syndrome Screen; Chorionic Villus Sampling; fFN (Foetal fibronectin); Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To detect and diagnose some birth defects, genetic diseases, and chromosome abnormalities in a foetus, especially if pregnancy screening tests are abnormal; to help diagnose and monitor haemolytic disease in a foetus

Sample Type:
A sample of amniotic fluid is obtained using a procedure called amniocentesis

Test Prep:
Depending upon the gestational age of the foetus, either a full or empty bladder may be required at the time the amniocentesis is performed. Be sure to follow any instructions that you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
Amniotic fluid surrounds, protects, and nourishes a growing foetus during pregnancy. It allows the baby to move relatively freely, keeps the umbilical cord from being compressed, and helps maintain a stable temperature. Contained within the amniotic sac,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pregnancy & Prenatal Testing, Neural Tube Defects, Down Syndrome, Thalassemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anaemia
Articles: Universe of Genetic Testing


Field1:
Amylase, serum                  Amylase, urine                  Amylase, serum

Why:
To diagnose pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases

Test General info:
Amylase is an enzyme made mainly by the pancreas. It is released from the pancreas into the digestive tract to help digest starch in our food. It is usually present in the blood in small quantities. When cells in the pancreas are injured or if the pancrea

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatic Disease, Pancreatitis


Other Names:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA), ANA ELISA

Related Tests:
Anti-dsDNA antibodies, anti-Sm antibodies, Sjögren`s syndrome antigen (SSA, SSB); Scl-70 antibodies; anti-centromere antibodies; anti-histone antibodies; anti-RNP antibodies, PM-Scl, Anti-Jo-1 antibodies, Anti-PL-7, PL12, Anti SRP

Why:
To help diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), drug induces SLE-like syndrome, Sjogren`s syndrome, scleroderma and  certain other autoimmune connective tissue diseases.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed; however, some drugs interfere with the test, so tell your doctor about any medications you are taking.
The Test

Test General info:
The ANA test identifies the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in blood. These antibodies are produced by the body`s immune system – the body`s defence system against invasion by foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. Sometimes the immune

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)


Other Names:
SACE (Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

Related Tests:
AFB culture; Liver function tests; Full blood count; Calcium

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor sarcoidosis and to help distinguish it from other diseases which show similar symptoms

Test General info:
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme which helps regulate blood pressure. It converts angiotensin I (an inactive protein) to angiotensin II which causes arteries to contract, making them temporarily narrower and increasing the pressure of the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lung Diseases, Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria, Sarcoidosis


Other Names:
Citrulline antibody; Anti-citrulline antibody; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; anti-CCP

Why:
To help in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and differentiate it from other types of arthritis; sometimes to help evaluate the prognosis of a patient with RA

Test General info:
The cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP) test is a relatively new assay that detects the presence of anti-citrulline antibodies in the blood. Citrulline is an unusual amino acid (protein building block), which is created when the amino acid arginin

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Autoimmune Disorders


Field1:
Anti-DNA ds Abs                       Anti-DNA ss (native) Abs

Other Names:
Antibody to ds-DNA; Native double-stranded DNA antibody; anti-DNA; Double stranded DNA antibody

Related Tests:
ANA, ENA Panel, Anti-Sm, Anti-RNP, Anti-Ro (SSA), Anti-La (SSB), Autoantibodies

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of antibody to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) that may be present in the blood. Anti-dsDNA is an autoantibody, produced when a person`s immune system fails to distinguish between ``self`` and ``non-self``

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Disorders, Sjogren Syndrome, Scleroderma


Related Tests:
Hepatitis B antibodies; hepatitis C antibodies, liver function tests

Why:
To diagnose an infection with hepatitis A virus, or to find out the need for or the response to hepatitis A vaccination

Test General info:
Hepatitis A antibodies are produced in response to an infection with the hepatitis A virus. The test detects the presence of this antibody.


Other Names:
HBV; Hep B; Hepatitis B; anti-HBs; Hepatitis B surface antibody; HBsAg; Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg; Hepatitis B e-antigen; Anti-Hbe; Hepatitis e antibody; anti-HBc; Hepatitis B total core antibody; anti-HBc IgM; Hepatitis B core IgM; HBV DNA

Related Tests:
Hepatitis A; hepatitis C; acute/chronic hepatitis panel; bilirubin; AST; ALT; GGT

Why:
To detect, diagnose and follow the course of an infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or to determine if the vaccine against hepatitis B has produced the desired level of immunity

Test General info:
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is one of several various causes of hepatitis, a condition characteriszed by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. Other causes of hepatitis include, for example, certain drug

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Viral hepatitis, Liver Disease


Other Names:
Thyroid autoantibodies; Anti-thyroid antibodies; Anti-microsomal antibody; Thyroid microsomal antibody; Thyroid peroxidase antibody; TPOAb; Anti-TPO; TBII; Antithyroglobulin antibody; TgAb; TSH receptor antibody; TRAb; Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin;

Formal Name:
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb); Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb); Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb)

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroiditis, and thyroid disease; to help guide treatment decisions

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence and measure the quantity of specific thyroid autoantibodies. These develop when a person’s immune system mistakenly recognizes components of the thyroid as foreign (not-self) and can lead to chronic thyroiditis (inflammatio

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Thyroid diseases, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Autoimmune disorders


Related Tests:
Antinuclear antibody (ANA); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); Bilirubin; Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA); F-Actin Antibody; Anti-cytoskeleton antibodies (ACTA)

Why:
To help diagnose autoimmune hepatitis and distinguish it from other causes of liver injury

Test General info:
This test looks for the presence (and if present the level) of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) in the blood. Antibodies usually protect the body against infecting organisms such as  bacteria and viruses. However, antibodies which are produced against parts

Related Diseases:
Autoimmune disorders, Liver disease, Hepatitis


Test Name:
Activated Protein C Resistance (APCRV), Plasma

Other Names:
Anti-Xa; Xa inhibition; Antifactor Xa heparin; Heparin level

Why:
To monitor low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) therapy and sometimes to monitor unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy

Test General info:
This test measures the effect of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the blood by measuring anti-Xa activity. Heparin is an anticoagulant, a drug that inhibits blood clotting. Heparin molecules vary in size and activity.


Formal Name:
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG, IgM, and IgA

Related Tests:
Antiphospholipid Antibodies;  Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I;  Anti-phosphatidylserine;  Lupus Anticoagulant Panel

Why:
To help investigate unexplained blood clot formation, to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage, or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence of three classes (IgG, IgM, and/or IgA) of cardiolipin antibodies. Produced by the immune system in response to a perceived threat, these proteins are the most common antiphospholipid antibodies. They are acquired  autoanti


Test Name:
AFP (Alpha Fetoprotein) in amniotic fluid


Field1:
Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody

Test Name2:
Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody


Test Name:
ALCOHOL FOR DRIVERS by Gas Chromatography

Related Tests:
Cardiac Risk Assessment, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Lipid Profile, Triglycerides, Tau Protein

Why:
To help confirm a diagnosis of Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia (also known as dysbetalipoproteinaemia), to evaluate a possible genetic cause of atherosclerosis, or to help confirm a diagnosis of late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in a symptomatic adult

Test General info:
The test looks at a patient`s DNA to determine what combination of Apo E gene alleles (copies) he or she has. The ApoE gene exists in three different forms – e2, e3, and e4 – with e3 being the most common form and considered to be `neutral`. Everyone has


Related Tests:
HDL, LDL, Lipid Profile, Cholesterol, Apo B

Why:
To determine whether or not you have adequate levels of Apo A-I, and to help determine your risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD)

Test General info:
Apolipoproteins are the protein component of lipoproteins - complexes that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins provide structural integrity to lipoproteins and shield the hydrophobic (water repellent) lipids at their centre.

Mo

Related Diseases:
Tests: Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides, Lipid Profile, Apo B, hs-CRP, Homocysteine
Conditions: Heart attack, Stroke, Congestive heart failure, Angina


Related Tests:
LDL, Lipid profile, Cholesterol, Apo A, HDL, Lp(a), hs-CRP, Homocysteine, Cardiac Risk Assessment, Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio

Why:
To help evaluate your risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Test Prep:
No special preparation is needed for an apolipoprotein B test. However, this test is often requested at the same time as other tests that do require fasting (water only), such as LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. Therefore, you may be instructed to fast for

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of apolipoprotein B (apo B) in the blood. Apolipoproteins are the protein component of lipoproteins, complexes that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins provide structural support to lipoproteins and s

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart attack, Stroke, Congestive heart failure, Angina, CVD


Field1:
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Test Name2:
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Other Names:
Partial Thromboplastin Time; PTT; Kaolin Cephalin Clotting Time (KCCT)

Formal Name:
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)

Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT); Fibrinogen; Thrombin Time; Lupus Inhibitor; Activated Clotting Time (ACT); von Willebrand screen;Coagulation Factors; Platelet Count

Why:
As part of an investigation of a bleeding or thrombotic episode. To help evaluate your risk of excessive bleeding prior to a surgical procedure although numerous studies have shown that it cannot accurately estimate risk of bleeding in all patients. To mo

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed; however, eating a high fat meal prior to the blood test may cause interference with the test and should be avoided. It is important that the blood is collected from a medium to large calibre vein without the application of a

Test General info:
What is being tested? The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT) is a measure of the functionality of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade. The body uses the coagulation cascade to produce blood clots to seal off injur


Why:
To determine if you have an imbalance in the amount of oxygen gas (O2) or carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in your blood or an acid-base imbalance (i.e. if your blood is too acidic/ alkaline), which may indicate a respiratory (lung/breathing), metabolic, or kidne

Sample Type:
A blood sample collected from an artery, usually the radial artery in the wrist (located on the inside of the wrist, below the thumb, where you can feel your pulse). A capillary blood from a heel-prick may be used for babies

Test Prep:
Typically, no test preparation is needed. However, if you are on oxygen therapy, the oxygen may either be turned off for 20 to 30 minutes before the collection for a ``Room Air`` test or, if this cannot be tolerated or if the doctor wants to check your ox

Test General info:
Blood gas tests tell your doctor if you have enough oxygen in your blood and whether or not your blood pH is balanced - not too acidic (acidosis) or too alkaline/basic (alkalosis). Blood gas tests directly measure: 
pH – a measure of the level of hydroge

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, Acidosis and Alkalosis, Lung diseases, Asthma, Pneumonia


Other Names:
Aspartate aminotransferase; serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Related Tests:
ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirubin; liver function tests

Test General info:
AST is an enzyme found mostly in the heart and liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle. When heart, liver or muscle cells are injured, they release AST into the bloodstream.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Hepatitis, Alcoholism


Formal Name:
B1 (thiamine or thiamin); B2 (riboflavin); B3 (niacin); B5 (pantothenic acid); B6 (pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxine); B7 (biotin)

Why:
To screen for and detect moderate to severe vitamin B deficiencies

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm.

Test Prep:
The blood sample is usually collected in the morning after an overnight fast, preferably before taking any medication.
The Test

Test General info:
The B vitamins are nutrients that the body requires in small amounts (micronutrients) for metabolism, energy production, and for cell, skin, bone, muscle, organ, and nervous system health. B vitamin tests measure these specific compounds in the blood to h

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Alcoholism, Coeliac Disease, Malnutrition, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Malabsorption


Field1:
B-cell Gene Clonality Molecular Genetic Tests

Test Name2:
B-cell Gene Clonality Molecular Genetic Tests

Other Names:
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement; B-cell Gene Clonality Molecular Genetic Tests; BCGR

Related Tests:
Full Blood Count (FBC), White Blood Cell Differential, Blood Film, Immunophenotyping, Chromosome Analysis, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, Quantitative Immunoglobulins, T-cell Receptor Gene Rearragement

Why:
To help diagnose a B-cell lymphoma; to detect and evaluate residual cancer cells

Sample Type:
A bone marrow, tissue (biopsy), or body fluid sample collected by your doctor; sometimes a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This test detects characteristic changes (rearrangements) in specific genes in B-cells. This information can be helpful in diagnosing a B-cell lymphoma.
B-cells are a type of lymphocyte (a kind of white blood cell, WBC) that produces antibodies in respon

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lymphoma, Leukaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders


Other Names:
Brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptides

Why:
To diagnose the presence and severity of heart failure

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of BNP or NTproBNP in the blood. NTproBNP is an inactive fragment produced at the same time as BNP. BNP is a hormone that helps to regulate blood volume. Both BNP and NT-proBNP are mainly produced by the heart`s left v


Why:
To find out whether you have human leucocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) on the surface of your cells; to help assess whether you might have an autoimmune disorder associated with the presence of HLA-B27

Test General info:
HLA-B27 is a particular antigen found in certain people and the gene that codes for its production. It is one of many human leucocyte antigens (HLA). Human leucocyte antigens are a group of proteins that help the body`s immune system identify its own cell

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, JRA, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Reactive Arthritis


Test Name:
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Serum

Related Tests:
Cholesterol; HDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile

Why:
To determine your chances of developing cardiovascular disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm, or occasionally from a fingerprick

Test Prep:
A test for LDL-C typically requires a 12-hour fast, with only water permitted during this time. Your doctor might recommend a slightly shorter or longer fast. Strictly speaking, if LDL-C is being measured directly, rather than calculated using an equation

Test General info:
Cholesterol is carried in the blood by proteins called “lipoproteins”. There are a number of different types of lipoproteins, which are named after how dense they are. LDL stands for ‘low-density lipoprotein’, and any cholesterol carried by LDL is known a


Test Name:
Anti b- Lactoglobulin (Cow milk and Soya) IgG


Other Names:
BCR/ABL1; bcr-abl oncogene; BCR-ABL Kinase Domain Mutation Analysis

Related Tests:
Philadelphia chromosome; Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH); FBC; Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy; Blood Film; Differential

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and a type of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a bone marrow sample collected using a bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy procedure

Test General info:
BCR-ABL refers to a gene sequence found in an abnormal chromosome 22 of some people with certain forms of leukaemia. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of non-sex-determining chromosomes (also known as autosomes) and 1 pair o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Leukaemia
Features: The Universe of Genetic Testing


Test Name:
Anti Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Anti Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Abs (IF) Qualitative


Test Name:
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Abs (IF) Quantitative


Other Names:
Beta 2 transferrin; desialated transferrin

Why:
To help identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid leaking from the skull.

Sample Type:
A sample of the suspicious watery discharge is collected into a plastic tube and at the same time a blood sample is also collected.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is normally found only within the brain and the spinal canal. If you suffer an injury which causes a tear in the membranes covering the brain and spine, CSF may leak out. This may sometimes cause watery fluid to drip from either


Other Names:
Pregnancy test; qualitative hCG; quantitative hCG; beta hCG

Why:
To confirm and monitor pregnancy or to diagnose trophoblastic disease or germ cell tumours

Sample Type:
A urine sample collected first thing in the morning or a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm

Test Prep:
None needed; however, do not drink large amounts of fluid before collecting a urine sample for a pregnancy test because overly dilute urine may result in a false negative test result.
The Test

Test General info:
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm or exclude pregnancy. The hormone can be detected 10 days after a missed mens


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a drop of blood from your finger.


Why:
Usually as part of a renal profile (collection of tests which help investigate the kidney), to screen for an electrolyte or acid-base imbalance in conditions known to cause such disturbances or to monitor a known imbalance

Test General info:
When you breathe, you bring oxygen (O2) into your lungs and release carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide in your blood is present in three forms: carbonic acid (H2CO3), CO2 dissolved in blood, and bicarbonate (HCO3-), the predominant form. Bicarbonate is

Related Diseases:
Tests: Electrolytes, Blood gases, anion gap
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Lung Diseases, Addison`s Disease, Cushing Syndrome, Conn Syndrome, Kidney Disease, Hypertension


Other Names:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin

Related Tests:
AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, liver function tests

Why:
To screen for and monitor liver disorders, such as cirrhosis. To help detect certain rare genetic disorders in sick babies and to avoid brain damage in babies who are markedly jaundiced.

Sample Type:
In adults, a blood sample from a vein in the arm; in newborns, a blood sample from a heel-prick

Test Prep:
No test preparation is necessary. The blood sample should ideally be protected from bright light before analysis.
The Test

Test General info:
Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment found in bile. The normal life-span of red blood cells in the circulation is 120 days. When they are broken down the pigment giving them their characteristic red colour, haemoglobin, (whose role is to carry oxygen to


Related Tests:
HDL; LDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile; Cardiac risk assesment

Why:
To screen for risk of developing heart disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a finger
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Cholesterol is a substance that is essential for life. It helps form the membranes for cells in all organs and tissues in your body. It is used to make hormones that are essential for development, growth and reproduction. It forms bile acids that are need


Other Names:
Factor assays; blood clotting factors; clotting factors; or by the individual factor number (Factor I, Factor II, etc.) or name (Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, etc.)

Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), Fibrinogen

Why:
To determine whether one or more of your coagulation factors are increased, decreased or absent

Test General info:
Coagulation factors are a group of proteins essential for blood clot formation. When a patient has an unexplained bleeding episode, one possible cause is a reduction in the level of a coagulation factor in their blood. Measuring the level of these factors

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hypercoagulable disorders, Bleeding disorders, Liver disease


Related Tests:
Bacterial wound culture, CSF analysis, Full blood count, Fungal infections, Susceptibility testing, Influenza tests, Urine culture

Why:
To check for the presence of a systemic infection

Sample Type:
Two or more blood samples taken from separate sites (commonly from veins in your arms)

Test General info:
Blood cultures are done to detect and identify bacteria and yeasts (a type of fungus) in the blood. Some bacteria prefer oxygen (aerobes), while others thrive in a reduced oxygen environment (anaerobes). Blood cultures are usually collected into two types

Related Diseases:
Conditions:Fungal infections, Lung diseases, Meningitis, Septic arthritis, Urinary tract infection, Wound and skin infections, Sepsis


Other Names:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology

Related Tests:
FBC, differential, RBC, WBC, platelet count, reticulocyte count, haemoglobin, haemoglobin variants

Why:
To find out if red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are normal in appearance and number; to distinguish between different types of white blood cells and to determine their relative percentages in the blood; to help diagnose a range of deficie

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by pricking a finger, ear or, in the case of an infant, a heel.

Test General info:
A blood film allows the evaluation of white blood cells (WBCs, leucocytes), red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). These cell are produced and mature in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream when needed. WBCs’

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, leukaemia


Other Names:
Blood sugar; Fasting blood sugar; blood glucose; Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT or GTT); urine glucose

Related Tests:
Insulin, C-Peptide, Urine glucose, HbA1c, Microalbumin, Home Testing

Why:
To determine whether or not your blood glucose level is within normal ranges; to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes, and hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose)

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, or for a self check, a drop of blood from your finger. A few diabetic patients may use a continuous glucose monitor which is a small sensor wire inserted beneath the skin of the abdomen that measures blood glu

Test General info:
Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body. The carbohydrates we eat are broken down into glucose (and a few other simple sugars), absorbed by the small intestine and circulated throughout the body. Most of the body`s


Test Name:
Anti-MAG (Myelin associated glycoprotein) Abs

Why:
To screen for elevated concentrations of lead in your blood

Test General info:
The test measures the concentration of lead within the blood. Lead is a metal that is known to be poisonous. In the past, lead was used in paints, petrol, and other household products, which can still be found, for example, in older housing. Some work act


Formal Name:
Bone Marrow Aspiration; Bone Marrow Aspirate; Bone Marrow Biopsy; Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsy

Related Tests:
FBC, Differential, Reticulocyte count, Blood film, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Platelet count, WBC, RBC

Why:
To evaluate the type, quantity, and maturity levels of the cells present in the marrow; to evaluate the structure of the marrow; and sometimes to collect a sample of marrow for more specific testing

Sample Type:
A bone marrow sample collected primarily from the hip bone (pelvis); sometimes collected from the sternum (breast bone) in adults or the tibia (shin bone) in infants
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are procedures used to collect and test bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft fatty tissue found inside the body’s larger bones. It has a honeycomb or sponge-like structure, consisting of a network of fibers that is filled w

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Leukaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders, Myeloproliferative disorders, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma


Field1:
Bordetella pertussis Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM

Test Name2:
Bordetella pertussis Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM

Formal Name:
Bordetella pertussis Culture; Bordetella pertussis by PCR; Bordetella pertussis by DFA; Bordetella pertussis Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM

Why:
To detect and diagnose a Bordetella pertussis infection

Sample Type:
A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab or a nasal aspirate; occasionally, a blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This is a group of tests that are performed to detect and diagnose a Bordetella pertussis infection. B. pertussis is a bacterium that targets the lungs, typically causing a three-stage respiratory infection that is known as pertussis or whooping cough. It


Other Names:
Lyme disease antibodies by ELISA; Lyme disease antibodies by Western blot; Lyme disease bacterial DNA by PCR

Formal Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies; Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by PCR

Why:
To see if you have been exposed to the bacterium that causes Lyme disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm

Test General info:
Your blood is being tested for antibodies to the Lyme disease bacterium. Their presence means you have been infected with the Lyme disease spiral bacterium (spirochaete) known as Borrelia burgdorferi by a bite from an infected tick.
People bitten by an i


Field1:
Borrelia burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies

Test Name2:
Borrelia burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies


Field1:
Brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptides

Test Name2:
Brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptides


Other Names:
BRCA; Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1 and 2

Formal Name:
Breast Cancer Gene 1 and Breast Cancer Gene 2

Related Tests:
CA-125; CA 15-3; Her2/neu; Hormone Receptor Status; Tumour Markers

Why:
To assess the risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer

Test General info:
The genetic code of two genes; the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes will be analysed in detail to look for alterations (mutations) that are linked with an inherited tendency to breast and ovarian cancers. Most cancers will not be explained by such an alteration, b

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer


Field1:
Breast Cancer Gene 1 and Breast Cancer Gene 2

Test Name2:
Breast Cancer Gene 1 and Breast Cancer Gene 2


Field1:
Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1 and 2

Test Name2:
Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1 and 2


Why:
To evaluate kidney function and monitor the effectiveness of dialysis

Test Prep:
No test preparation is required.
The Test

Test General info:
Urea is produced when protein is broken down by the body. Nitrogen in the form of ammonia is produced in the liver when protein is broken down. The nitrogen combines with other chemicals in the liver to form the waste product urea. The urea is released in


Formal Name:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2

Why:
To determine whether a cancer, usually a breast cancer, is positive for HER-2 gene amplification or protein expression, which helps to guide treatment and determine outcome. HER-2 evaluation is also used in the assessment of some other cancer types includ

Sample Type:
A sample of cancer tissue obtained during a biopsy. Generally this test is done on the biopsy taken for initial diagnosis and a second biopsy is not necessary. While HER-2 levels can be assessed in a blood sample, this is not usually done as treatment dec

Test General info:
HER-2 is an oncogene present in the nucleus of all cells. It encodes for a cell surface receptor of a chemical growth factor; when the growth factor binds to the receptor it becomes activated and this causes the cell to grow. Normal epithelial cells conta


Why:
To monitor insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas and to help determine the cause of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)

Test General info:
This test measures the level of C-peptide in a blood or urine sample. C-peptide and the hormone insulin are created from a larger molecule called proinsulin, and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas.  When insulin is released into the bloodstream to h

Related Diseases:
Tests: Insulin, glucose
Conditions: Diabetes, Kidney Disease, Liver Disease


Why:
To detect the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin

Sample Type:
A fresh stool sample that has not been contaminated with urine or water
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test detects the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin A and/or B in a fresh or frozen stool sample. C. difficile is a bacterium that is present in the intestines of up to 70% of healthy infants and 5% of healthy adults. C. difficile is one of the

Related Diseases:
Tests: Stool Culture 
Conditions: Diarrhoea


Other Names:
C1; C1q; C2; C3; C4; Total Complement; CH50; CH100; Total Haemolytic Complement Activity; C1 esterase inhibitor

Formal Name:
Complement Activity; Complement Component C3; Complement Component C4

Why:
To determine whether complement system proteins are contributing to increased infections or autoimmune disease. To monitor the activity of certain autoimmune diseases. To help diagnose hereditary angioedema.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed for complement C3 and C4 measurements. For testing complement activity, the sample must be processed and frozen within 2 hours of the blood being taken from the patient.
The Test

Test General info:
Complement tests measure the quantity or activity of complement proteins in the blood. The complement system is composed of a set of circulating blood proteins that work together to promote protective immunity. Their principal role is to destroy bacteria

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Malnutrition, Vasculitis


Test General info:
CA 125 is a protein often found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells and in some normal tissues. It is used as a marker for ovarian cancer. However, CA 125 levels may also be high in other types of non-cancerous conditions, including menstruation, pregn

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Ovarian cancer
News item: Ovarian cancer diagnosed following NICE recommendation for CA125 testing


Why:
To monitor the response to treatment of breast cancer and to watch for recurrence of the disease

Test General info:
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) is a normal product of breast cells. Concentrations of CA 15-3 in the blood are often increased in breast cancer. CA 15-3 does not cause cancer; rather, it is a protein that is shed by the tumour cells, making it useful as a

Related Diseases:
Tests: Tumour Markers
Conditions: Breast cancer


Related Tests:
Bilirubin, CEA, Liver Function Tests, Tumour Markers

Why:
To help tell the difference between cancer of the pancreas and bile ducts and other conditions; to monitor response to pancreatic cancer treatment and to watch for recurrence.

Test General info:
Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a protein that exists on the surface of certain cells. CA 19-9 does not cause cancer; rather, it is a protein that is produced by the tumour cells, making it useful as a tumour marker to follow the course of the cancer.

Related Diseases:
Tests: Tumour Markers
Conditions: Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatitis


Why:
To measure the amount of caeruloplasmin in the blood; to help diagnose Wilson’s disease; sometimes to help identify conditions associated with copper deficiencies


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (22), PCR, Amniotic Fluid

Related Tests:
Creatinine; creatinine clearance; microalbumin; cystatin c; urine protein

Why:
In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance (CG73) states: “Whenever a request for serum creatinine measurement is made, clinical laboratories should report an estimate of GFR (eGFR)”

Sample Type:
eGFR is an estimate of actual glomerular filtration rate, calculated using your age, weight, gender, and serum creatinine (requires a blood sample from a vein in your arm); in some formulas, race is also used in the calculation. Measured Creatinine Cleara

Test General info:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the function of your kidneys. Glomeruli are tiny filters in your kidney that allow waste products to be removed from the blood, while preventing loss of important proteins and blood cells. The rate refers t

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, Diabetes, Hypertension


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (22), PCR, Blood


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (b Thalassemia), Amniotic


Test Name:
b- Globin Gene Mutations (b Thalassemia), Blood

Related Tests:
RET Oncogene; Calcium; TSH; FT3; FT4; Thyroglobulin; CEA

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC); to screen those at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)

Test Prep:
It is important that the person taking the sample follows the instructions of the local laboratory as different laboratories may require different specimen types. Please contact the local laboratory for details.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of calcitonin in the blood. The function of calcitonin in the human body is unknown; what is known is that it is a hormone produced by C-cells in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland that lies over and f


Test Name:
b2- Glycoprotein 1 (B2GP-1) IgG & IgM Antibodies

Related Tests:
Phosphate, Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), albumin

Why:
To determine if the concentration of calcium in your blood is at normal levels.

Test Prep:
Current practices do not require fasting or any other test preparation.
The Test

Test General info:
Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. About 99% of it is found in the bones, and most of the rest circulates in the blood. Roughly half of the calcium is referred to as `free` (or `ionized`), and is active within the body; the remaini

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease; thyroid disease; breast cancer; multiple myeloma; alcoholism


Other Names:
Urinary Stone Analysis; Calculus Analysis; Renal Stone Analysis

Related Tests:
Urinalysis; Uric Acid; Calcium; Phosphate; Creatinine; Oxalate; Citrate; Cystine

Why:
To evaluate the composition of a kidney stone, to help determine the cause of its formation and to guide treatment

Sample Type:
A stone filtered from your urine or surgically removed from your urinary tract by a doctor

Test General info:
Kidney stone analysis uses one or more test methods to examine and determine the composition of a stone from the urinary tract. This is done in order to help identify the cause of the stone and, where possible, to prevent the formation of more stones.
Th

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney Disease, Urinary Tract Infection, Gout


Related Tests:
Phenytoin, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Valproic acid

Why:
To determine the concentration of carbamazepine in the blood to establish an appropriate dose and to maintain a therapeutic level

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of carbamazepine in the blood. Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy), but is also prescribed to stabilize the moods of patients with bipolar disease and to he


Formal Name:
Cardiac-specific Troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT); High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT)

Why:
To see if you have had a heart attack or damage to your heart muscle

Test General info:
Troponins are proteins in muscle fibres that help to regulate muscle contraction. There are three different troponins: skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC) and two heart muscle troponins, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). When there is

Related Diseases:
Tests: Cardiac Risk Assessment
Conditions: Heart attack, Cardiovascular Disease


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia  Sequencing - Targeted known mutation

Field1:
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG, IgM, and IgA

Test Name2:
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG, IgM, and IgA


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia  Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diag)–unknown mutation


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Prenatal Analysis - Sequencing entire coding region

Other Names:
T4 count; T-helper cells; T-suppressor cells; cytotoxic T-cells

Formal Name:
CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8 lymphocyte count; T-cell subsets; CD4/CD8 ratio; CD4 percent

Related Tests:
HIV antibody, p24 antigen test, HIV viral load, HIV genotypic resistance testing, HIV phenotypic resistance testing

Why:
Most often, this test is done to measure the strength of your immune system if you’ve been diagnosed with HIV infection.  Occasionally it may be used with other conditions.

Test General info:
CD4 and CD8 cells are lymphocytes that have markers on the surfaces of the cells called CD4 and CD8. They are types of white blood cells that fight infection, and they play an important role in your immune system function.  CD4 and CD8 cells are made in t


Test Name:
Beta-Thalassemia, Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Related Tests:
Tumour Markers, CA 19-9, AFP Tumour Marker

Why:
In the presence of certain cancers, CEA may be used to monitor the effect of treatment and recurrence of disease

Test General info:
CEA is a protein that is normally not detected in the blood of a healthy person. When certain types of cancer are present, CEA may be produced by the cancer cells. CEA may then be detected in blood, but it will not indicate which kind of cancer is present

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bowel Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Breast Cancer


Test Name:
Bilirubin, amniotic fluid spectral curve


Related Tests:
Glucose; Total Protein; FBC (Full Blood Count); Lactate; Protein Electrophoresis;  AFB Smear and Culture; Blood Culture; Herpes; Lyme Disease; Rubella; Syphilis; West Nile Virus

Why:
To diagnose a disease or condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS) such as bleeding within the brain or skull, cancer, autoimmune disorder or infection

Sample Type:
A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected by a doctor from the lower back using a procedure called a lumbar puncture or spinal tap

Test Prep:
The patient should empty their bladder and bowels prior to the sample collection. It will be necessary to lie still in a curled-up fetal position during the test and to lie quietly for a time period after the collection.
The Test

Test General info:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear watery liquid filtrate that is formed by the choroid plexus, special tissue that has many blood vessels and lines the small spaces or chambers (ventricles) in the brain. CSF flows around the brain and spinal cord, surr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Meningitis and Encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Herpes, HIV, Lyme disease, Multiple sclerosis, Syphilis, Traveller’s diseases, Tuberculosis, West Nile Virus


Other Names:
Cervical screening test; Liquid based cytology test (LBC)

Formal Name:
Smear Test; PAP Test; Papanicolaou smear; cervical/vaginal cytology

Related Tests:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Trichomonas wet prep

Why:
To screen for early abnormalities (pre-cancer) which, if left untreated, could lead to cervical cancer.

Sample Type:
Cells from the cervix (neck of the womb)

Test Prep:
You may be asked to refrain from sexual intercourse for 24-48 hours before the test, avoid using vaginal creams or foams in the 48 hours before the test and book the test appointment 10-14 days after the beginning of your last menstrual period.
The Test

Test General info:
A cervical cytology test is a test used to detect abnormal or potentially abnormal cells from the uterine cervix (neck of the womb).


Other Names:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) genotyping; CF DNA analysis; CF gene mutation panel; molecular genetic testing

Related Tests:
Sweat chloride, Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT)

Why:
To detect cystic fibrosis (CF) genetic mutations to establish CF carrier status or to establish the diagnosis of CF in an individual

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from an infant`s heel; a spot of blood that is put onto filter paper; or a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The CF gene mutation test identifies mutations in the CFTR gene. Each cell in the human body (except sperm and eggs) has 46 chromosomes (23 inherited from the mother and 23 from the father). Genes on these chromosomes form the body`s blueprint for produci

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic fibrosis, Lung diseases


Related Tests:
Serotonin, 5-HIAA, Catecholamines, Tumour Markers

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumours and other neuroendocrine tumours

Test Prep:
You may be required to fast overnight prior to the specimen being taken and to temporarily discontinue certain medication beforehand. Please check the local laboratory instructions with your doctor prior to blood being taken.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of Chromogranin A (CgA) in the blood. CgA is a protein found in and released from neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells, and the endocrine system glands that they are found in, can give rise to a variety of tumours, both

Related Diseases:
Tests: Serotonin, 5-HIAA, Catecholamines, Tumour Markers


Other Names:
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV); Herpes Zoster

Formal Name:
Varicella Zoster Virus Culture; Varicella Zoster Virus by PCR; Varicella Zoster Virus by DFA; Varicella Zoster Virus Antibodies; IgG and IgM

Why:
If your doctor suspects that you have, or have recently had, chickenpox or shingles and a diagnosis is necessary; to show immunity to the varicella zoster virus (VZV) or the potential for re-activating a VZV infection before receiving immunosuppressive dr

Sample Type:
A blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm for VZV antibody testing; to detect the virus itself, a sample of fluid from a blister (vesicle), blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluid or tissue

Test General info:
Tests for chicken pox and shingles are done to find and diagnose either a current or past infection with the virus (varicella zoster virus (VZV)) that causes these conditions. Most often, testing is not necessary because a diagnosis of active infection ca


Test Name:
Body Fluid Analysis, Cell Count & Biochemical


Test Name:
Body fluid/secretionn, routine cytology for malignant cells

Why:
To screen for or diagnose chlamydia infection

Sample Type:
A urine sample or a swab of cells or secretion from the infected area is required
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United Kingdom.


Why:
To determine if there is a problem with your body’s acid-alkali (pH) balance and to monitor treatment

Test General info:
Chloride is an electrolyte. When combined with sodium it is mostly found in nature as “salt.” Chloride is important in maintaining the normal acid-base balance of the body and, along with sodium, in keeping normal levels of water in the body. Chloride gen

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Addison`s Disease, Cushing Syndrome, Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure, Lung Diseases, Kidney Disease, Diarrhoea


Test Name:
Bone marrow aspiration, including iron stain


Test Name:
Bone marrow needle core biopsy, including reticulin stain


Test Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Related Tests:
Therapeutic drug monitoring, urea, Creatinine, Lipid profile, Liver function tests

Why:
To determine the concentration of ciclosporin in your blood in order to establish a dose regime, maintain therapeutic levels, and detect toxic levels

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ciclosporin in the blood. Ciclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug used to dampen the body’s natural defences. When patients have an organ transplant, their immune system recognizes the new organ as a foreign substance and

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune disorders, Inflammatory bowel disease, Rheumatoid arthritis


Why:
To detect and monitor muscle damage and to help diagnose conditions associated with muscle damage

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. CK is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle and other tissues. Increased amounts are released into the bloodstream when there is muscle damage. CK occurs in three major for


Test Name:
BRCA1 Prenatal Analysis - known mutation

Why:
To find out if you have had a heart attack

Test General info:
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that occurs in three major forms, called isoenzymes:
CK-MB (found mostly in heart muscle) 
CK-BB (found mostly in brain) 
CK-MM (found in muscles) 
CK–MB rises when there is any damage to heart muscle cells.


Test Name:
BRCA1 Prenatal analysis - unknown mutation


Related Tests:
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV); Herpes Simplex Virus; Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV); TORCH

Why:
If your doctor suspects you presently have, or recently had, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or if it is important to know if you have ever had a CMV infection – such as prior to receiving an organ transplant

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm for CMV antibody testing; to detect the virus itself, sample may be blood, urine, or sputum, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), duodenal fluid, or other body tissue

Test General info:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) testing is requested to determine whether someone is currently, or has recently been, infected with CMV. It may also sometimes be used to determine whether someone has ever been exposed to CMV. Testing for CMV involves either a measu


Related Tests:
FBC, ESR, CRP, Calcium, Total Protein, Albumin, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin E, Iron, Folate, Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA), Anti-tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (TTG)

Why:
To help in making a diagnosis of coeliac disease, and also to assess the effectiveness and degree of adherence to a gluten-free diet

Test Prep:
Follow your doctor`s instructions. For diagnosis, ingestion of gluten-containing foods for a time period, such as several weeks, is necessary. For monitoring, no preparation is necessary.
The Test

Test General info:
Coeliac antibody tests help in the diagnosis of coeliac disease, and also can help to rule out this diagnosis. These tests detect autoantibodies that the body creates as part of an immune response to dietary proteins (such as gluten) found in wheat, rye,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Coeliac disease, Autoimmune disorders, Malnutrition


Why:
To help detect and to monitor prostate cancer

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Blood is being tested for the level of PSA it contains. PSA is a protein produced mainly by cells in the prostate gland and can be a useful indicator of prostate cancer. This protein can be found in all males; however, men whose levels are increased may h

Related Diseases:
For more information visit the Macmillan cancer support website.
^ Back to top2.  Are the recommendations for PSA testing different for different ethnic groups, such as those of Afro-Caribbean descent? 
The incidence for disease is greater among Afro-Ca


Other Names:
Cu, 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-caeruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper

Formal Name:
Copper (24-hour urine, total and free blood, and hepatic)

Why:
To measure the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver; to help diagnose and monitor Wilson’s disease; sometimes to identify copper deficiencies and excesses

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver (hepatic). Copper is an essential mineral that the body incorporates into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, formation of connective tissue, energy


Other Names:
Retic Count; Reticulocyte Index; Corrected Reticulocyte

Related Tests:
Red blood cell count; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; FBC; Blood film; Erythropoietin

Why:
To help evaluate the bone marrow`s ability to produce red blood cells (RBCs) and to help distinguish between anaemia related to blood loss or destruction and anaemia related to decreased RBC production; to help monitor bone marrow response and the return

Sample Type:
A blood sample obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm or sometimes from pricking a finger or the heel of an infant

Test General info:
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). They are produced in the bone marrow when stem cells differentiate and progress toward RBC development, eventually forming reticulocytes and finally mature RBCs. Most RBCs are fully mature before they are

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Bone marrow disorders


Other Names:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol

Related Tests:
ACTH, Aldosterone, Synacthen stimulation test, Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Why:
To help diagnose Cushing’s syndrome or Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) or secondary adrenal insufficiency.

Test Prep:
Some test preparation may be needed. Follow any doctor’s instructions that are given as far as timing of sample collection, resting, and/or any other specific pre-test preparation.
A saliva test requires special care in obtaining the sample. You may be i

Test General info:
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, which is essential for survival. Production and secretion of cortisol is stimulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), a hormone produced by the pituitary gland – a tiny organ located insid

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cushing`s syndrome, Addison`s Disease


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a 24 hour urine sample. Occasionally a saliva sample may be tested.


Related Tests:
Urea; GFR and eGFR; creatinine clearance; Urinalysis

Why:
To determine if your kidneys work normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of creatinine in your blood and/or urine. Creatinine is a waste product produced in your muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. Creatine is part of the cycle that produces energy needed to contract your mus

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Congestive heart failure, diabetes, kidney disease


Related Tests:
Creatinine; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); Urinalysis

Why:
To help detect and evaluate kidney dysfunction or decreased blood flow to the kidneys

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of creatinine in both a sample of blood and a sample of urine from a 24-hour urine collection. The results are used to calculate the amount of creatinine that has been cleared from the blood and passed into the urine.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Congestive heart failure, kidney disease


Other Names:
Fragment D-dimer; Cross-linked fibrin degradation product (XDP)

Related Tests:
Fibrin Degradation Product (FDP); Prothrombin Time (PT); Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT, or PTT); Fibrinogen; Platelet Count

Why:
To help diagnose or exclude thrombotic (blood clot producing) or bleeding diseases and conditions.

Test General info:
When a vein or artery is injured and begins to leak blood, a sequence of clotting steps and factors (called the coagulation cascade) is activated by the body to limit bleeding and create a blood clot to plug the hole.  During this process, threads of a pr


Related Tests:
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Were you looking for the high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test, used to assess your risk of cardiovascular disease?

Why:
To identify the presence of inflammation, to determine its severity, and to monitor response to treatment.

Test General info:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant, a protein made by the liver that is released into the blood within a few hours after tissue injury, the start of an infection or other inflammation. Increased concentrations in the blood can be found af

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Arthritis, Autoimmune Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sepsis, Vasculitis, Meningitis and Encephalitis


Related Tests:
Protein Electrophoresis; Hepatitis C, Complement C4 levels, rheumatoid factor

Why:
To determine if symptoms like sensitivity of extremities to cold is due to the presence of abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins in the blood

Test General info:
This test detects and measures the relative quantity of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulins are circulating proteins, specifically, immunoglobulins, (i.e., IgG, IgM, IgA) that clump together (precipitate) when they are exposed to cold and dissolve w

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Disorders, Hepatitis, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma, Leukaemia, RA


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm and/or a 24-hour urine sample; sometimes a liver biopsy sample


Why:
To diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI)

Sample Type:
A mid-stream ``clean`` urine sample
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Urine is one of the body’s waste products. It is produced in the kidneys and collected in the bladder until a person urinates. Normally, the urine does not contain significant numbers of any microorganism. However, if bacteria or yeast are introduced into


Related Tests:
Gram Stain, Susceptibility Testing, AFB Smear and Culture, Blood Culture, Fungal Tests, FBC

Why:
To detect and identify the cause of bacterial pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections; to monitor the effectiveness of treatment

Sample Type:
A fresh sputum sample (deep respiratory secretions, not saliva), usually collected first thing in the morning

Test Prep:
Rinse mouth out with water prior to collection to remove loose cells in the oral cavity.
The Test

Test General info:
Sputum cultures detect the presence of disease-causing bacteria in those who have bacterial pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections. Bacteria in the sample are identified and their susceptibility to various antibiotics is assessed to help c

Related Diseases:
Conditions:Pneumonia, Lung Diseases, Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungal Infections, Cystic Fibrosis


Related Tests:
Creatinine, Creatinine Clearance, Calculated Creatinine Clearance, urea, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Why:
Currently not routinely available but in the future, may serve as an alternative to creatinine to monitor kidney function in those with known or suspected kidney diseases

Test General info:
Cystatin C is a small protein that is produced by nucleated cells. It is produced and destroyed at a constant rate and is found in a variety of body fluids such as blood, spinal fluid, and breast milk. 

Cystatin C is filtered out of the blood by the gl


Related Tests:
Stool Culture; Giardia; Cryptosporidium; Entamoeba Histolytica antigen tests

Why:
To determine whether you have a parasite infecting your gastrointestinal tract.

Sample Type:
A fresh or preserved stool sample, sometimes multiple samples collected on different days.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
An ova, cysts and parasite (OCP) exam is a microscopic evaluation of a stool sample. It is used to look for parasites that have infected the gastrointestinal tract. These parasites and their ova (eggs, cyst form) are shed - passed out of the body through


Why:
To help evaluate your ability to absorb carbohydrates

Sample Type:
Timed blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm and a timed urine collection

Test Prep:
Fast for 8 hours and avoid foods high in pentose, such as jams, fruits, and pastries, for 24 hours prior to the test. Ask your doctor if there are any necessary medication changes.
The Test

Test General info:
D-Xylose is a simple sugar (carbohydrate) that is usually easily absorbed by the intestines. This test determines how well someone absorbs D-xylose, in order to evaluate the person`s ability to absorb carbohydrates in general. This is done by measuring th

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Malabsorption, Diarrhoea, Cystic Fibrosis, Coeliac Disease, Pancreatic Insufficiency, Malnutrition


Related Tests:
Testosterone; ACTH; FSH; LH; Prolactin; Oestrogen; Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG); 17-Hydroxyprogesterone

Why:
DHEAS is measured to evaluate adrenal function and certain adrenal tumours, and to investigate the cause of virilisation in girls or early puberty in boys.

Test General info:
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) is a weak androgen, a male sex hormone, that is present in the blood of both men and women. It has a role to play in developing male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, and it can be changed by the body int


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, a random urine sample, preferably collected whilst symptoms are occurring, and a small stool sample


Other Names:
Differential leucocyte count; White blood cell morphology; WBC differential; Diff

Why:
To diagnose an illness affecting your immune system, such as an infection, inflammatory illness, immune deficiency, or tumour such as leukaemia or lymphoma

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by a finger-prick (children and adults) or heel-prick (infants)

Test General info:
There are five types of white blood cells, each with different functions: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The differential reveals if these cells are present in normal proportion to one another, if one cell type is increase


Test Name:
CARBON MONOXIDE by Hs-Gas Chromatography


Test Name:
Cardiovasular Disease, 12 Mutation Profile, PCR

Related Tests:
Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Creatinine clearance; Potassium

Why:
To determine if the amount of digoxin in your blood is at an appropriate level or to detect potentially toxic levels

Test Prep:
No special preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testing is important. When you have your blood taken, tell the blood collector when you took your last dose of digoxin. You may want to write down the exact time at which you took your dose an

Test General info:
Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. This test measures the amount of digoxin in the blood. Heart failure, including congestive heart failure (CHF) causes the heart to become less effective at circulating blood. As a r

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart attack, Heart disease, CHF, Hypertension, Kidney disease


Related Tests:
LDL; Lipid Profile; Cholesterol; HDL; Triglycerides; ApoB

Why:
To help determine your risk of developing heart disease and to monitor lipid-lowering lifestyle changes and drug therapies; to accurately determine your low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration when you have raised triglyceride concentrat

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. Your doctor might recommend that you fast (water only) for 14 hours prior to the test, so that other related substances can be measured in the same sample.
The Test

Test General info:
The direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol test (direct LDL-C) measures the amount of LDL cholesterol, sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, in the blood. Elevated concentrations are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease. U


Test Name:
CATECHOLAMINES, FRACTIONATION, ( HPLC )-Plasma


Test Name:
Catecholamines, Total and Free (urine, plasma)


Other Names:
Hydrogen Breath Test; Lactose Breath Test; Disaccharide Absorption Test; Oral Lactose Tolerance

Formal Name:
Hydrogen Breath Test; Lactose Tolerance Test

Related Tests:
Stool Acidity Test, Glucose, Xylose Absorption Test, Coeliac Disease Tests

Why:
To help diagnose lactose intolerance in individuals who have difficulties digesting dairy products, or sometimes as part of an investigation of malabsorption conditions

Sample Type:
A series of breath samples exhaled into a collector, or a series of blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Prep:
Fasting is required before and during testing. The person being tested should not exercise or smoke for several hours before testing. In some cases, additional instructions may be provided by the doctor and/or laboratory. For example, you may be asked to

Test General info:
Lactose tolerance tests measure hydrogen in the breath or changes in the level of glucose in the blood after a person is given a drink containing a standard amount of lactose, thus determining whether the individual is capable of proper digestion of lacto

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lactose Intolerance, Malabsorption, Coeliac Disease, Diarrhoea, Pancreatic Insufficiency


Other Names:
Drug testing; Drug screen; Poison testing; Toxicology assays

Related Tests:
Drugs of abuse; Osmolality; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Electrolytes; Glucose; Urea; Creatinine; Liver Function; Blood gases; Paracetamol; Ethanol; Salicylate

Why:
To detect, measure, and occasionally monitor drugs that are causing acute overdose symptoms; results from emergency and overdose testing are used mainly for to help treatment. If results are needed for legal proceedings, then special legal (forensic) proc

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, a urine sample, or sometimes a breath sample; rarely, saliva or another body fluid

Test General info:
Emergency and overdose drug testing is requested for single drugs or groups of drugs by an A&E or Intensive Care doctor to detect, assess, and monitor someone who has a drug overdose. A drug overdose may be caused by a variety of prescription and over-the


Test Name:
Cerebrospinal Fluid Bacterial Latex Test

Why:
To detect or exclude the presence of abused and/or illegal drugs. This may be carried out for a number of reasons including a pre-employment screen or to comply with a drug rehabilitation programme.

Sample Type:
A random urine sample is usually collected for detection of drugs of abuse although they can be detected in blood, sweat, saliva, mother`s milk and hair samples.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The presence of various classes of abused drugs can be tested for. This usually starts with a screen where the drug group (e.g. opiates) is detected; positive results are then followed up by a more specific test which identifies the individual drug taken


Other Names:
E. coli; E. coli O157; E. coli non-O157; STEC

Formal Name:
E. coli O157 culture; Shiga-like toxin by EIA; Stx gene detection by PCR

Why:
To determine if your gastrointestinal symptoms are due to an infection caused by Escherichia coli bacteria that produce Shiga toxin

Sample Type:
A fresh liquid or unformed stool sample that does not contain urine or water, collected in a clean dry container; a rectal swab may be collected from infants. Stool and rectal swab may be placed in transport media for delivery to laboratory.

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence of disease-causing (pathogenic) Escherichia coli that produce Shiga toxins. E. coli bacteria commonly occur in nature and they are a necessary component of the digestive process in humans and most other mammals. Most strain


Test Name:
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Gene) Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
CFTR PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
CFTR PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - unknown mutation

Other Names:
EBV Antibodies; EBV VCA-IgM Ab; EBV VCA-IgG Ab; EBNA-IgG Ab; EA-D IgG Ab

Formal Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgM; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgG; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Nuclear Antigen, IgG; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Early D Antigen, IgG; Heterophile Antibodies (see Monos

Related Tests:
Monospot; Full Blood Count; White Blood Cell Count

Why:
To help diagnose glandular fever (also known as Infectious Mononucleosis); to help evaluate susceptibility to EBV infection; to distinguish between an EBV infection and another illness with similar symptoms

Test General info:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies are a group of tests that are requested to help diagnose a current, recent, or past EBV infection. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family. Passed through the saliva, the virus causes an infection that is very common


Related Tests:
FBC, Urea, Creatinine, Liver Function Tests, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Why:
To detect and evaluate toxic concentrations of methotrexate

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testing is important and the doctor may specify collection at a certain number of hours after a methotrexate dose has been given.No test preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testin

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of methotrexate in the blood. Methotrexate is a drug that has been in use since the 1960s. It is primarily used to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphoma, cancers of the lung, head, neck, and breast, and is als

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Breast Cancer, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Liver Disease, Lung Diseases, Kidney Disease


Test Name:
CFTR Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Related Tests:
Sodium; Potassium; Chloride; Bicarbonate; Urea; Creatinine; anion gap

Why:
To detect a problem with the body`s electrolyte balance.

Test General info:
Electrolytes are minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts. As electrically charged particles, electrolytes help move nutrients into and wastes out of the body`s cells, maintain a healthy water balance, and help stab

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Kidney Diseases, Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure


Why:
To determine phenytoin concentration in the blood, to maintain an appropriate level, and to detect phenytoin toxicity

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of phenytoin in the blood. Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat some seizure disorders (also called epilepsy). Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity.


Field1:
Epilim, Depakote, sodium valproate, semisodium valproate

Test Name2:
Epilim, Depakote, sodium valproate, semisodium valproate

Other Names:
Epilim, Depakote, sodium valproate, semisodium valproate

Why:
To measure the amount of valproic acid in the blood and to maintain an effective level

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of valproic acid in the blood. Valproic acid is a drug that is used mainly to treat certain fitting disorders (also called seizures or epilepsy), but is also prescribed to treat bipolar disease (manic depression) and to preve

Related Diseases:
Tests: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Conditions: Epilepsy


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies IgA, Serum

Related Tests:
Red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, FBC, reticulocyte count

Why:
Either to help tell the difference between polycythaemia vera and secondary polycythaemia or to help tell the difference between different types of anaemia. It also shows whether the amount of erythropoietin being produced is appropriate for the level of

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of erythropoietin in the blood. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys. It is produced and released into the bloodstream if the blood oxygen levels are low (hypoxaemia). Erythropoietin is carried to the bo

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, kidney diseases, bone marrow disorders


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Field1:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Early D Antigen, IgG

Test Name2:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Early D Antigen, IgG


Field1:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Nuclear Antigen, IgG

Test Name2:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Nuclear Antigen, IgG


Field1:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgG

Test Name2:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgG


Field1:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgM

Test Name2:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgM


Other Names:
Parvovirus; Fifth Disease test; Parvo B19; Erythema infectiosum

Why:
To determine if you have, or recently had, a parvovirus B19 infection and if you are at an increased risk of complications from this viral infection

Sample Type:
A blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm to test for the presence of parvovirus B19 antibody. To detect the virus itself a blood or rarely a bone marrow sample is required.

Test General info:
Parvovirus B19 is a virus that causes a common childhood illness, also called ``fifth disease`` or ``erythema infectiosum.`` It is also known as “Slapped Cheek Disease” because of the typical rash that appears in some children. The virus is found in respi

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pregnancy, Anaemia, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Thalassaemia


Related Tests:
C-reactive protein (CRP); fibrinogen; immunoglobulins

Why:
To detect and monitor the activity of inflammation as an aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause

Test General info:
ESR is an indirect measure of the degree of inflammation present in the body. It actually measures the rate of fall (sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a tall, thin tube of blood. Results are reported as how many millimetres of clear plas

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis, Coeliac Disease, Lupus, CFS, JRA


Test Name:
CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY in RBc And Plasma

Other Names:
Trace Minerals; Micronutrients; Essential Minerals

Related Tests:
Chromium; Copper; Caeruloplasmin; Fluoride; Iodine; Iron tests; Manganese; Molybdenum; Selenium; Zinc; Vitamin B12 and Folate; Vitamin D

Why:
To detect and monitor a mineral deficiency or excess; sometimes to evaluate your nutritional status

Sample Type:
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm; sometimes a random or 24-hour urine sample; rarely, a tissue sample, or another body fluid sample

Test Prep:
Please check with your doctor to find out if you are required to fast before your test is performed.
The Test

Test General info:
Trace elements are a group of tests that measure specific minerals, primarily in the blood but sometimes in the urine or another bodily tissue or fluid. These minerals are substances that the body needs in tiny amounts on a regular basis for normal functi

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Malnutrition, Wilson Disease, Alcoholism, Cystic Fibrosis, Haemochromatosis


Test Name:
Chromosomal Karyotyping, Fragile X Syndrome


Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT); activated Partial Prothrombin Time (aPTT, or PTT); D-dimer; Coagulation Factors; Thrombin Time

Why:
To determine whether your fibrinogen level is adequate to allow normal blood clotting, to help diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), to help determine whether you have an inherited fibrinogen deficiency or abnormality. Sometimes as a non-

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, or sometimes, via a finger prick (mainly performed in children)

Test General info:
Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor, a protein that is essential for blood clot formation. It is produced by the liver and released into the circulation as needed along with over 20 other clotting factors. Normally, when a body tissue or blood vessel wall

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Excessive Clotting Disorders, Bleeding Disorders, Liver Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, DIC


Other Names:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C (APC) resistance; Factor V R506Q; Prothrombin 20210 mutation: PT G20210A; factor II 20210

Formal Name:
Factor V Leiden mutation; Prothrombin 20210 mutation

Related Tests:
Antithrombin; Protein C and Protein S; Homocysteine; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR)

Why:
To determine whether you have an inherited gene mutation that increases your risk of developing a venous thromboembolism

Test General info:
Factor V and prothrombin are coagulation factors, a group of proteins produced by the liver that is activated in a step-by-step process called the coagulation cascade when a blood vessel is injured. The result of the coagulation cascade is a blood clot th

Related Diseases:
Tests: Coagulation Factors
Conditions: Hypercoagulable Disorders


Field1:
Factor V Leiden Mutation andPT 20210 Mutation

Test Name2:
Factor V Leiden Mutation andPT 20210 Mutation


Field1:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C resistance

Test Name2:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C resistance


Why:
To screen for bleeding from the gut/intestine, which may be an indicator of bowel cancer

Test Prep:
For guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) special dental, dietary and drug restrictions may be recommended. These tests detect any blood that enters the digestive tract. Therefore, steps that are taken to avoid introducing blood into the digestive tract will increase

Test General info:
The faecal occult blood test (FOB) or faecal immunological test (FIT) checks for blood in your faeces. Normally, there will not be enough blood lost through the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines) to turn a FOB positive or for you to notice it

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bowel cancer
Screening: Screening Tests for Adults (50 and up)
In the News: Five-minute screen at sixty can cut bowel cancer deaths


Field1:
Faecal Occult Blood Test and Faecal Immunochemical Test

Test Name2:
Faecal Occult Blood Test and Faecal Immunochemical Test


Related Tests:
Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Red blood cell (RBC) count, White blood cell (WBC) count, White blood cell differential count, Platelet count

Why:
To determine general health status and to screen for a variety of disorders, such as anaemia and infection, inflammation nutritional status and exposure to toxic substances

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a finger-prick or heel-prick (newborns)

Test General info:
The full blood count (FBC) is one of the most commonly ordered tests and provides important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Abnormalities in any of these types of cells can i

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Thalassaemia, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders


Why:
To find out whether the amount of iron in your blood is normal.

Test Prep:
Samples for iron should be taken in the morning, before you have had any food to eat. You should not take any iron tablets for 24 hours before the test. Iron is absorbed rapidly from food or tablets, and can make your blood iron levels falsely high.
The

Test General info:
The iron test measures the amount of iron that is circulating in the liquid part of blood bound to transferrin (a transport protein). Iron is an essential trace element in your blood. It is necessary for forming healthy red blood cells. Approximately 70%

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis, pregnancy


Related Tests:
Serum Iron, Ferritin; TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin; Zinc protoporphyrin; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit

Why:
To evaluate your body`s current store of iron

Test Prep:
Your doctor may request that you fast for 12 hours prior to some iron blood tests. In this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Iron is an essential nutrient. It is needed in small quantities to help form normal red blood cells (RBCs). Iron is a critical part of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it as blood travels to other par

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Haemochromatosis


Other Names:
ZPP; ZP; Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin; FEP

Related Tests:
Serum iron; TIBC; Ferritin; Lead; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; Porphyrin tests; Heavy metals

Why:
To screen for and monitor chronic exposure to lead; as an aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children

Test General info:
The test measures the concentration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in the blood.  ZPP is present in blood in trace amounts and is formed during the production of haem.  Concentrations of ZPP are increased in patients with lead poisoning and iron deficiency.


Why:
To learn about the levels of iron stored in your body

Test Prep:
You may be instructed to fast for 12 hours before the test; in this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Within cells, iron is stored as protein complexes called ferritin and haemosiderin. Ferritin is the main storage complex and is present mostly in the liver, but also in the bone marrow, spleen, and muscles. Small amounts of ferritin also circulate in the

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests Overview
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis


Formal Name:
First Trimester Screen [Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as either free beta subunit or total hCG, and nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound]

Related Tests:
Triple Screen or Quad Screen; hCG; Amniotic Fluid Analysis; Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To assess the risk of a foetus having a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm. Measurement of nuchal translucency (NT) requires a special ultrasound examination to be performed.

Test Prep:
You may be requested to have a full bladder when having the nuchal translucency ultrasound scan performed. Having a full bladder when you attend for your scan usually makes it easier to see the baby clearly and measure the nuchal translucency.
The Test

Test General info:
The first trimester screen is a combination of two blood tests and a special ultrasound scan that are used to assess a pregnant woman`s risk of carrying a baby with Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21). Performing and evaluating them together, along with the woma


Field1:
First Trimester Screen Down’s Syndrome Screen

Test Name2:
First Trimester Screen Down’s Syndrome Screen


Related Tests:
Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose

Why:
To measure the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood in order to establish the correct dose, maintain therapeutic levels and detect toxic levels

Test Prep:
Have the blood sample collected 12 hours after the last dose and/or immediately prior to the next dose or as directed by your doctor
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of tacrolimus in the blood. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally or intravenously to patients who have had a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ transplant. It is a powerful drug that helps to prevent

Related Diseases:
Tests: Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose
Features: Pharmacogenomics


Why:
To identify the type or strain of flu virus that you have

Sample Type:
Usually a nose or throat swab
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that tends to be seasonal, beginning in late November and disappearing in early spring. It is a common respiratory (affecting the lungs) illness that causes headaches, fever, chills, muscle pains, exhaustion, a stu


Field1:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody , ANA ELISA

Test Name2:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody , ANA ELISA


Other Names:
Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin; Folic Acid; RBC folate

Related Tests:
FBC; Methylmalonic acid (MMA); Homocysteine

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of anaemia or neuropathy (nerve damage), to evaluate nutritional status in some patients, to monitor effectiveness of treatment for B12 or folate deficiency

Test General info:
These tests measure the concentration of folate and vitamin B12 in the serum (liquid portion of the blood). The amount of folate inside the red blood cell (RBC) may also be measured - it will normally be at a higher concentration inside the cell than in t

Related Diseases:
Tests: FBC, Coeliac disease tests, Homocysteine, Methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Conditions: Anaemia, Alcoholism, Autoimmune disorders, Coeliac disease, Cystic fibrosis, HIV, Neuropathy,Pregnancy


Test Name:
CONFERMATION TEST FOR MAPLE SYRUP -URINE By GCMS


Why:
To diagnose hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adults and to monitor response to treatment

Test General info:
This test measures free thyroxine, or FT4, in your blood.  Thyroxine is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other is called triiodothyronine (T3)). Within the blood, most thyroid hormones are attached to a protein, but it is the h


Test Prep:
None needed; however, certain medications can interfere with the FT3 test, so tell your doctor about any drugs that you are taking
The Test

Test General info:
The test measures the amount of free triiodothyronine, or FT3, in your blood.
T3 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other hormone is called thyroxine, or T4). The thyroid gland is found in the neck, in front of the windpipe.


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Bone marrow aspiration &  biopsy


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, deep mass, routine

Other Names:
Glycated Serum Protein (GSP); Glycated Albumin

Why:
To help monitor your diabetes over time, especially if it is not possible to monitor using the HbA1C test; to help determine the effectiveness of changes to your diabetic treatment plan

Test General info:
The fructosamine test is a measurement of glycated protein, mainly albumin. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated over a period of time, glucose molecules permanently combine with proteins in the blood in a process called glycation. Affected prote


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, superficial mass, routine

Why:
To evaluate the function of your pituitary gland, which regulates the hormones that control your reproductive system

Test Prep:
No, but in a women, the sample should be taken in the first 4 days of her cycle.
The Test

Test General info:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of FSH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophin-r

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Infertility, menopause
Tests: LH, oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Fine needle aspiration, testicular, under LA / GA


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Pathology consultation, second opinion (without markers)


Test Name:
CONSULTATION Telepathology consultation (without markers)

Sample Type:
Usually a scraping from a chancre (ulcer or sore) in the affected area, a blood sample from a vein in your arm, or a spinal tap (lumbar puncture), depending on the test being used
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It is easily treated but can cause severe health problems if left untreated.


Formal Name:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white stain

Related Tests:
AFB smear and culture, CSF analysis, Susceptibility testing, Gram stain, Bacterial wound culture

Why:
To detect a fungal infection, to determine which specific fungus or fungi are present, and sometimes to isolate and grow the fungi for subsequent susceptibility testing

Sample Type:
The sample collected depends upon the suspected location(s) of the infection. It typically includes: scrapings of the skin, nail and hair samples, fluids, blood, and/or a tissue biopsy.

Test General info:
Fungi are microorganisms that exist in nature as either yeast or moulds. There are more than 50,000 species of fungi in the environment, but less than 200 species are associated with human disease. Of these, only about 20 to 25 species are common causes o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and skin infections, Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Lung diseases, Traveler’s diseases


Related Tests:
AST; ALT; ALP; bilirubin; liver function tests (LFTs)

Why:
To screen for liver disease or alcohol abuse; and to help your doctor tell whether a raised concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the bloodstream is due to liver or bone disease

Test General info:
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. When the liver is injured or the flow of bile is obstructed, the concentration of GGT within the bloodstream rises. It is therefore a useful marker for detecting bile duct problems.


Why:
To detect an overproduction of gastrin, to help diagnose Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZE syndrome), to help diagnose multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and to monitor for recurrence of a gastrin-producing tumour (gastrinoma)

Test Prep:
You should fast for 12 hours and avoid alcohol for 24 hours prior to the test. Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking certain stomach medicines for several days before the test.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called G-cells in the stomach during the digestive process. When food is eaten, the stomach b


Test Name:
Coproporphyrins & Uroporphyrins chemical method

Why:
To screen for infection with HPV, some types of which are associated with cervical cancer

Sample Type:
A sampling of cells from the cervical area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV), a virus that can cause skin warts and genital warts (also called condylomata) and that has been linked to cervical, penile, and other forms of genital cancer.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Sexually transmitted diseases, Cervical cancer


Why:
To determine if you have had a recent or past infection with the rubella virus, or to check that you are protected from the rubella virus

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm (this may need to be repeated after 7 days), oral fluid, a throat swab, or other more invasive samples such as amniotic fluid depending on symptoms.

Test General info:
Rubella is a viral infection that causes a fine red rash and flu-like symptoms, such as a high temperature, headache and a general feeling of being unwell. The raised red rash appears first on the face and neck and travels to the body and limbs. Teenagers


Other Names:
GH; Human Growth Hormone (HGH); Somatotropin

Related Tests:
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1; also called Somatomedin C); GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone); Glucose Tolerance Test; Cortisol; ACTH; TSH; Glucose; Prolactin

Why:
To identify diseases and conditions caused by either a deficiency or overproduction of growth hormone (GH), to evaluate pituitary function, and to monitor the effectiveness of GH treatment

Sample Type:
Usually several blood samples are taken at timed intervals from veins in your arm. Sometimes a single sample of blood is required following a fast or after a period of strenuous exercise

Test Prep:
In healthy adults, GH levels remain stable, but rise sharply 3-4 hours after a meal and within 60 minutes after the onset of sleep. One sample should therefore be taken fasting.
The Test

Test General info:
Growth hormone (GH) is essential for a child’s normal growth and development and promotes proper long bone growth from birth through puberty. Children with insufficient GH production grow more slowly and are smaller in size for their age; one of the first

Related Diseases:
Tests: ACTH, IGF-1, Prolactin, T4, TSH, Cortisol, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Glucose
Conditions: Pituitary Disorders, Thyroid Diseases


Field1:
Glucose /Glucose/ Glucose, serum (Random)Glucose, serum (Random)/ serum (Fasting) /


Test Name:
Coxiella burnetii Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Related Tests:
FBC; Blood film; Reticulocyte count; Bilirubin; RBC count; Haemoglobin; Autohaemolysis test; Heinz body stain

Why:
To see whether you have an inherited deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD), necessary to keep red blood cells healthy

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of G6PD in the red blood cells (RBCs). G6PD is an  enzyme that protects red blood cells from the effects of oxidation. If there is insufficient G6PD, the RBCs become more vulnerable to oxidative damage. If these RBCs are expo

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia
Screening:  Screening Tests for Newborns


Test Name:
Coxiella burnetii Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie (A7, 9, 16 & 24) Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie (A7, 9, 16 & 24) Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Coxsackie Virus B1-6 Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Why:
To screen for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea

Sample Type:
A swab of secretion or discharge from the infected area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is easily treated but can cause severe reproductive and health problems if left untreated.


Test Name:
Coxsackie Virus B1-6 Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Related Tests:
Cholesterol; LDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile

Why:
To find out the risk of developing heart disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or from a finger-prick
The Test Sample

Test General info:
HDL is one of the classes of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. HDL is thought to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal. Hence HDL cholesterol is often called “good” choles


Test Name:
Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes, Electrophoresis, Serum

Related Tests:
Susceptibility Testing, Bacterial Wound Culture, Blood Culture, CSF Analysis, Urine Culture, AFB Smear and Culture, Gonorrhoea, Stool Culture, Fungal Tests, Sputum Culture, Synovial Fluid Analysis, Pleural Fluid Analysis, Pericardial Fluid Analysis, Perit

Why:
To identify the cause of a bacterial infection so appropriate treatment can be given

Sample Type:
A swab of cells or fluid taken from the site of infection
The Test Sample

Test General info:
A Gram stain is used to determine if bacteria are present in an area of the body that is normally sterile, such as spinal fluid. A sample from the infected area is smeared on a glass slide and allowed to dry. A series of stains are applied and then the st

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and Skin Infections, Staph Wound Infections, Meningitis and Encephalitis, Fungal Infections, PID, Septic Arthritis, Urinary Tract Infection, Pneumonia, Sepsis


Formal Name:
Group A streptococcus; Group A beta haemolytic streptococcus; streptococcus pyogenes

Why:
To diagnose a possible bacterial infection of the throat (usually Streptococcus pyogene)

Sample Type:
A swab brushed against your throat and tonsils
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test identifies Streptococcus pyogenes, known as Group A streptococcus, which are bacteria that infect the back of the throat and are a common cause for an infected and sore throat. Whilst group A Streptococcus is the commonest bacterial cause of a se


Field1:
H pylori Abs, IgG / H pylori (Helicobacter pylori) Abs, IgA


Test Name:
Cystinuria Carrier Testing  known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria PGD (Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria PGD (Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis)- unknown mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Prenatal Analysis - known mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Cystinuria Sequencing - Targeted known exons


Test Name:
Cystinuria Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Field1:
HCV, Hepatitis C antibody, Anti-HCV, Hepatitis C viral load, HCV-RNA

Test Name2:
HCV, Hepatitis C antibody, Anti-HCV, Hepatitis C viral load, HCV-RNA


Field1:
Cholesterol, high-density (HDL) (low level)

Test Name2:
Cholesterol, high-density (HDL) (low level)


Test Name:
DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)/Becker Deletion


Test Name:
ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens ), Abs Per Antigen


Test Name:
ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens) Titer


Field1:
High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T

Test Name2:
High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T


Test Name:
Factor II Carrier Testing known mutation


Field1:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2

Test Name2:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2


Field1:
Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test

Test Name2:
Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, deep mass, routine


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, superficial mass, routine

Field1:
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry or Immunohistochemistry

Test Name2:
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry or Immunohistochemistry


Test Name:
Fine needle aspiration, testicular, under LA / GA


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 13: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 18: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosome 21: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes 21, 13 & 18: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes X & Y Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Chromosomes: 21, 13, X & Y Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for X Chromosome: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH for Y Chromosome: Prenatal or Postnatal


Test Name:
FISH on CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) for Down syndrome


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 2 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 3 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 4 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, 5 probes


Test Name:
FISH: Prenatal or Postnatal Chromosomal Abnormality, one probe


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  ALL Panel (up to 10 markers)


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  Immunodeficiency Panel CD4, CD8, CD4/8 ratio, CD19,CD5,CD16


Test Name:
FLOW CYTOMETRY  Solid phase panel (up to 10 markers)


Test Name:
FMF PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) known mutation


Field1:
Cholesterol, low-density (LDL) (high level)

Test Name2:
Cholesterol, low-density (LDL) (high level)


Field1:
LFTs, Liver panel, Hepatic function tests

Test Name2:
LFTs, Liver panel, Hepatic function tests


Test Name:
FROZEN SECTION For first frozen sections block


Test Name:
FROZEN SECTION For subsequent blocks  additional


Field1:
Lupus Anticoagulant (Two Methods), Plasma


Field1:
Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus screening

Test Name2:
Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus screening


Test Name:
Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD65) Abs, Serum


Test Name:
GTT (Glucose tolerance test) per serum glucose sample


Test Name:
Haemoglobin Varients, HPLC &  Electrophoresis, Blood

Field1:
Mycoplasma Abs, IgG / Mycoplasma Abs, IgG

Test Name2:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG and IgM antibodies


Field1:
Myoglobin / Myoglobin, Myoglobin, Screen, Urine Quantitative, Urine: /


Field1:
Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor status

Test Name2:
Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor status


Field1:
Often referred to by brand name Rapamune

Test Name2:
Often referred to by brand name Rapamune


Field1:
or by the individual factor number or name

Test Name2:
or by the individual factor number or name


Test Name:
Heparin (Anti Factor Xa Activitiy), Plasma:


Test Name:
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (Factor IV)

Field1:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology

Test Name2:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology


Test Name:
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Serotyping, Strains 1-6


Test Name:
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Herpes Simplex Virus I & II (HSV I & II) DNA, PCR


Field1:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white

Test Name2:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white stain


Test Name:
HLA-ABC Class I by Serology, Immunobeads or PCR method


Test Name:
HLA-DR Class II by Serology, Immunobeads or PCR method


Test Name:
HOMOCYSTEINE, CYSTEINE, METHIONIONE AND AROMATIC ACIDS PROFILE By GCMS


Test Name:
HPLC for Floxetene or Fluoxamine (Prozac)


Test Name:
HPLC for Individual Amino Acids, each (Arginine, Aspartate, Cystine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Histidine, Glutamine, Glycine, Lysine, Thrionine, Methionine, Ornithine)


Test Name:
HPLC for Organic acids (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)


Test Name:
HPLC: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline and L-DOPA


Test Name:
HPLC: Aminoacid Profile, plasma or urine


Test Name:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1&2 Ag/ Ab's Serum


Test Name:
Human papilloma Virus Subtypes: 6, 11, 40, 16, 18, 31, 45, 56, 52


Test Name:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotyping, PCR


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Carrier Testing known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria PGD (Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Prenatal Analysis - known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Sequencing - Targeted known mutation


Test Name:
Hyperoxaluria Sequencing - Whole Coding Region


Test Name:
Hysterectomy (uterus) with tubes & ovaries neoplastic


Test Name:
Hysterectomy (uterus) with tubes & ovaries non-neoplastic


Test Name:
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1), serum


Test Name:
Immunoglobulin G Subclass II (IgG2), Serum


Test Name:
Immunohistochemistry solid phase for each antibody


Test Name:
Immunophenotyping / Marker, Flow Cytometry


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain A Antibodies, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain A Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain B Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Field1:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol

Test Name2:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol


Test Name:
Influenza Virus Strain B Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Field1:
Serum Protein Electrophoresis , Urine Protein Electrophoresis , IFE

Test Name2:
Serum Protein Electrophoresis , Urine Protein Electrophoresis , IFE


Field1:
Serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis

Test Name2:
Serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis


Test Name:
Interval between ejaculation and startof analysis (min)


Test Name:
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzymes, Serum


Test Name:
Legionella pneumophilia Antibodies, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) Score


Test Name:
Lupus Anticoagulant (Two Methods), Plasma


Field1:
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody

Test Name2:
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody


Test Name:
Lymphocyte Toxicity test by serology or PCR


Field1:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin

Test Name2:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin


Test Name:
Natural Killer Cell (CD16 + CD56), Flow Cytometry


Test Name:
Neonatal Screen (TSH, T4, PKU, Galactose, G6PD)


Test Name:
Neuronal Nuclear Ab (ANNA), IgG, Serum-Hu,Yo & Ri


Test Name:
Neuronal Nuclear Ab (ANNA), IgM, Serum-Hu,Yo & Ri

Field1:
Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio or ACR

Test Name2:
Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio or ACR


Test Name:
Nitroblue Tetrazolium, Neutrophil Function Test


Field1:
Urine Protein and Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio

Test Name2:
Urine Protein and Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio


Test Name:
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)


Test Name:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COL1A1/A2 Gene Analysis Per Exon


Test Name:
P53 PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - known mutation


Test Name:
P53 PGD (Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) - unknown mutation


Test Name:
P53 Prenatal Analysis - unknown mutation


Test Name:
Pancreatic Langerhans Islet Cell Antibodies, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Ab's, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Ab's, IgG, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Ab's, IgM, Serum


Test Name:
Parainfluenza Virus Type3 Ab's, IgG, Serum


# tests inform1

Test Name:
Electrophoresis (protein)    Proportion of total protein -beta-2-Globulin

Other Names:
Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein 1; β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies; Beta 2GP1 Ab

Formal Name:
Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (IgG, IgM, and very rarely IgA)

Related Tests:
Cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, antiphospholipid antibodies, anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies, anti-prothrombin antibodies

Why:
To help investigate inappropriate blood clot formation; to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage; as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

When:
When you have had one or more unexplained blood clots in a vein or artery; when you have had recurrent miscarriages, especially in the second and third trimesters

Test Prep:
No test preparation is necessary.
The Test

Test General info:
This test detects and measures one or more classes (IgG, IgM, or very rarely IgA) of beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies. Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is one of three primary antiphospholipid antibodies, which are autoantibodies (produced by the body and a

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Autoimmune Disorders, Excessive Clotting Disorders


Other Names:
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2); Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3); Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]); Calcifidiol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D); Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D])

Formal Name:
25-hydroxy-vitamin D (Calcidiol); 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D (Calcitriol)

Related Tests:
Calcium; Phosphate; Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); Magnesium; Bone Markers; Trace Elements

Why:
To investigate a problem related to bone metabolism or parathyroid function, possible vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption and to monitor some patients taking vitamin D.

When:
Your doctor may request a vitamin D measurement in the following situations:
If you are found to have an abnormal calcium, phosphate, and/or parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in the blood. 
As part of the investigation of some forms of bone disease or muscle weakness/pain. 
If you have disease of the gastrointestinal tract that could result in malabsorption. 
If you are receiving certain anticonvulsant drugs.

Test General info:
The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate the absorption of calcium, phosphate, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium from the gut. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, lymphoma, autoimmune conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease


Why:
To help diagnose a serotonin-secreting carcinoid tumour

When:
When you have symptoms suggestive of a carcinoid tumour such as flushing, diarrhoea and/or wheezing

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of serotonin in the blood. Serotonin is a chemical derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It is produced as needed by the nervous system, mainly the brain, but also by special cells in the bronchial tubes (lungs) and gastroi

Related Diseases:
Apart from the Related Tests noted above, there are no other related pages on this site.


Other Names:
17-OHP; 17-OH progesterone; Progesterone - 17-OH

Why:
To screen for, detect, and monitor treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); sometimes to help rule out other conditions

When:
1. as part of a routine newborn screen, when an infant has ambiguous genitalia i.e it unclear if the child is male or female
2. when a young female has hirsutism (excess hair) or other symptoms of virilization
3. when a male child has premature sexual development
4. periodically to monitor CAH treatment

Test Prep:
There is no preparation such as fasting for this test, but the doctor may request an early morning collection. The doctor may also request that blood be collected in the first half of a woman`s menstrual cycle.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in the blood. 17-OHP is a steroid which is metabolised to make cortisol; it is a substance used by the body to make cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps

Related Diseases:
Conditions: PCOS, Adrenal Insufficiency,  Infertility
Screening: Newborns


Other Names:
24 Hour Urine Protein; Urine Total Protein; Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio

Related Tests:
Urinalysis; Albumin; Microalbumin; Protein Electrophoresis; Total Protein

Why:
To detect excessive protein escaping into the urine, to help evaluate and monitor kidney function, and to detect kidney damage

When:
As part of a routine check-up, as a follow-up to a previous positive urine protein test, or if you have a disorder or disease that frequently affects the kidney

Test General info:
The urine protein test measures the amount of protein being excreted in the urine. There are several different kinds of urine protein tests. A semi-quantitative protein “dipstick” is frequently performed as part of a urinalysis, generally on a random urin


Related Tests:
Protein electrophoresis, Total protein, Blood gases, Liver function tests

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of early onset emphysema and/or liver disease. To establish the risk of developing alpha-1 antitrypsin-related emphysema and/or liver disease and the likelihood that children might inherit the risk

When:
When you show signs of liver disease as an infant or young child, when you develop emphysema (a disease that damages the lungs) before age 40, or when you have a close relative with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Test General info:
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protein that is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream. A1AT works by inactivating several enzymes but the main one is the enzyme elastase present in the lungs. Elastase is an enzyme produced by neutrophils

Related Diseases:
Conditions:  Liver disease, Lung diseases


Other Names:
Alloantibody Identification; Antibody ID, RBC; Ab ID

Related Tests:
Direct Antiglobulin; Indirect Antiglobulin; Blood Typing; Type and screen; Crossmatch

Why:
To identify the specific antibody present when a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is positive; to help identify the cause of a transfusion reaction or the cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

When:
When an IAT screening test is positive when performed as part of a prenatal workup or prior to a blood transfusion; when a person has a positive DAT following a suspected transfusion reaction or is suspected to have an autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; when a newborn has HDN

Test General info:
Antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) can be produced by the body`s immune system in response to being exposed to ``foreign`` RBC antigens, structures found on the surface of RBCs. This test identifies the specificity of red blood cell antibodies in the bl

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Pregnancy, Bleeding Disorders
Feature Articles: Blood Banking


Why:
To detect the presence of anticentromere antibodies; to help diagnose limited cutaneous scleroderma

When:
When you have one or more symptoms that suggest CREST syndrome

Test General info:
The anticentromere antibody (ACA) is an antibody (a protein produced by the immune system) that targets the body`s own tissues. ACA targets the centromere, part of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of the body`s cells. The ACA is one of several autoant


Other Names:
SACE (Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

Related Tests:
AFB culture; Liver function tests; Full blood count; Calcium

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor sarcoidosis and to help distinguish it from other diseases which show similar symptoms

When:
When you have granulomas (masses of inflammatory cells) that create small bumps under the skin, a lingering cough, red watery eyes and/or other symptoms suggestive of sarcoidosis. When you have active sarcoidosis in order to follow its progress

Test General info:
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme which helps regulate blood pressure. It converts angiotensin I (an inactive protein) to angiotensin II which causes arteries to contract, making them temporarily narrower and increasing the pressure of the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lung Diseases, Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria, Sarcoidosis


Related Tests:
INR (International Normalised Ratio, prothrombin time)

Why:
In order to assess risk of liver damage after overdosage and to decide on the need for protective, antidotal therapy

When:
At least 4 hours after a single overdose, or as soon as possible if more then one overdose has been taken within the last 1 or 2 days

Test General info:
The plasma paracetamol concentration is being measured.


Other Names:
Serum ketone; Plasma ketone; Beta-hydroxybutyrate; Ketone bodies; Ketoacids; Beta-hydroxybutyric acid; Acetoacetate; Acetoacetic acid; Acetone

Related Tests:
Urine ketones; Urinalysis; Blood gases; Glucose

Why:
To determine whether excessive ketones are present in the blood, to detect diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), to detect alcoholic ketoacidosis and to monitor ketogenic diet therapy used in the treatment of epilepsy.

When:
When you have symptoms associated with ketoacidosis or being monitored on a ketogenic diet.

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ketones in the blood. Ketones are produced during the bodies processing (metabolism) of fats. They are made when glucose is not available to the body’s cells as an energy source. When fatty acids are metabolised, ketones b


Formal Name:
Acid-fast bacillus smear; culture; and sensitivity

Why:
To help identify a mycobacterial infection; to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) or to monitor the effectiveness of treatment

When:
If you have symptoms, such as a long lasting cough, weight loss, fever, chills, and weakness, that your doctor thinks may be due to TB or another mycobacterial infection. If your doctor suspects that you have active TB or wants to monitor the effectiveness of TB treatment.

Sample Type:
Usually, three specially collected spit (sputum) samples are collected early in the morning on different days. If you are unable to produce a sputum sample, a bronchoscope may be used to collect fluid during a procedure called a bronchoscopy. In children,

Test General info:
The test looks for the presence of bacteria called acid-fast bacilli (AFB) which are rod shaped bacteria that can be seen and counted under the microscope in a specially stained sample on a glass slide, called an AFB smear. The most common AFB are of a ty


Related Tests:
Albumin, Creatinine, Glucose, Haemoglobin A1c

Why:
To be screened for the early detection of kidney disease occurring as a complication of diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure)

When:
Annually after a diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension

Test General info:
Albumin is a protein that is present in large amounts in the blood. When the kidneys are working properly, only tiny amounts of albumin pass from the bloodstream into the urine. In kidney failure (the last stage of a slow process of decline in kidney func


Related Tests:
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Prothrombin Time (PT), Anti-Xa assay

Why:
To monitor heparin and other anticoagulation when undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, coronary angioplasty, and dialysis

When:
When you are receiving high dose heparin to prevent clotting during surgical procedures such as a cardiopulmonary bypass; when heparin levels are too high to allow monitoring with a PTT test and/or when a rapid result is necessary to monitor treatment

Test General info:
ACT is a blood clotting test that is used primarily to monitor high doses of heparin anticoagulant therapy. Heparin is a blood clot inhibitor that is usually given either intravenously (IV) or by subcutaneous (under the skin) injection. In moderate doses

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bleeding Disorders, Hypercoagulable Disorders


Related Tests:
Cortisol; Synacthen stimulation test; dexamethasone suppression test

Why:
To diagnose adrenal and pituitary diseases such as Cushing`s syndrome, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease, adrenal tumours, and pituitary tumours; usually done as a diagnostic test once an abnormal cortisol level is detected

When:
If your doctor has discovered that you have abnormal cortisol levels.  ACTH will help to sort out the possible cause of the abnormal cortisol result.

Test Prep:
The sample is unstable so needs to be collected in a hospital that has laboratory facilities to process it immediately. It cannot usually be collected at a GP surgery. Typically it is taken in the morning, about 9 am.
The Test

Test General info:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland (located below the brain within the skull) to stimulate secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands (small organs located at the top of each kidney). Stress can st


When:
When the doctor suspects that the adrenal gland is not producing enough cortisol

Test General info:
Synacthen is a manufactured drug that acts like Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) by stimulating the adrenal gland to produce more cortisol. By measuring the rise in cortisol in the blood the doctor can see if the adrenal glands are secreting normal amo


Test Name:
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Other Names:
Partial Thromboplastin Time; PTT; Kaolin Cephalin Clotting Time (KCCT)

Formal Name:
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)

Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT); Fibrinogen; Thrombin Time; Lupus Inhibitor; Activated Clotting Time (ACT); von Willebrand screen;Coagulation Factors; Platelet Count

Why:
As part of an investigation of a bleeding or thrombotic episode. To help evaluate your risk of excessive bleeding prior to a surgical procedure although numerous studies have shown that it cannot accurately estimate risk of bleeding in all patients. To mo

When:
When you have unexplained bleeding or thrombosis (a blood clot). When you are on unfractionated or intravenous (IV) heparin anticoagulant therapy. Sometimes as part of a pre-surgical screen

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed; however, eating a high fat meal prior to the blood test may cause interference with the test and should be avoided. It is important that the blood is collected from a medium to large calibre vein without the application of a

Test General info:
What is being tested? The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT) is a measure of the functionality of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade. The body uses the coagulation cascade to produce blood clots to seal off injur


Related Tests:
PTT, Coagulation factors, D-dimer, Fibrinogen, Homocysteine, Lupus Anticoagulant, Proteins C & S, PT, PT 20210, Factor V Leiden

Why:
To help investigate the cause of recurrent or inappropriate blood clotting; to help diagnose an antithrombin deficiency

When:
Preferably a couple of months after a thrombotic episode and not whilst taking, or for at least 6 weeks after taking anticoagulants. Occasionally testing may be requested if you are not responding as your doctor expected to heparin anticoagulation therapy

Test General info:
Antithrombin testing measures the function and quantity of antithrombin.  Antithrombin is a protein produced by the liver to help control blood clotting. Normally, when a blood vessel is injured, the body activates a series of coagulation factors, in a pr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hypercoagulable Disorders, Bleeding Disorders, Liver Disease


Other Names:
Hepatitis testing; Viral hepatitis testing; Hepatitis screening tests

Related Tests:
Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Liver function tests; AST; ALT; ALP; Bilirubin

Why:
To detect and diagnose an infection with a hepatitis virus

When:
When you have symptoms of hepatitis and a viral infection is suspected to be the cause; when you have been exposed to one or more of the three most common hepatitis viruses: Hepatitis A, B, or C

Test General info:
An acute viral hepatitis panel is a group of tests often performed together to detect a viral hepatitis infection. Hepatitis is a condition characterised by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. It has many different causes including, for example, dr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hepatitis, Liver Disease, Travellers` Diseases


Formal Name:
Butyrylcholinesterase; BChE; acylcholine acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8

Why:
To find out if you are likely to have temporary paralysis after being given a muscle relaxant called suxamethonium during surgery. This temporary paralysis is called suxamethonium apnoea. To investigate the cause of temporary paralysis following treatment

When:
If you or a close relative have experienced suxamethonium apnoea after a surgical operation.

To indicate possible insecticide poisoning with recent or frequent use of organic phosphorus insecticides. Occupational exposure can occur in workers involved with agriculture or the organic chemical industry.

Test General info:
There are two similar cholinesterase enzymes in the body; butrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) found in the blood plasma, intestine and white matter of the brain, and acetylcholinesterase found in red blood cells, grey matter of the brain and nerve


Why:
To screen for a rare mutation in the PSEN1 gene known to be associated with Early Onset Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (EOFAD)

When:
If you are an adult who has symptoms of dementia and a strong family history of early onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD that begins before age 60-65) or if you are an adult with no symptoms but with an identified PSEN1 genetic mutation (and EOFAD) in your family

Test General info:
This test looks for mutations in the PSEN1 gene, which have been associated with Early Onset Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (EOFAD). Although most AD starts after the age of 65 (late onset), about 5-10% of cases of the disease begin in people under 65 years


Related Tests:
TB tests, AFB Smear and Culture, Body Fluid Analysis, Pleural Fluid Analysis

Why:
To help detect or rule out a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

When:
When a doctor suspects that someone with chest pain, coughing, and/or difficulty breathing has tuberculosis that has spread from their lungs to the pleurae (lining around the lungs)

Sample Type:
A volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis; other body fluids are collected using other procedures

Test General info:
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a protein that is produced by cells throughout the body and is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to infections. Conditions that trigger the immun

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Lung Diseases


Other Names:
Antidiuretic Hormone; Vasopressin; Arginine Vasopressin; AVP

Related Tests:
Osmolality, Creatinine, Sodium, Urea, Urinalysis

Why:
To help detect, diagnose, and determine the cause of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency or excess. However, this test is not widely used; diagnoses of conditions of ADH excess/ deficiency are usually based on clinical history and other laboratory tests

When:
ADH may be requested if results of initial investigations of ADH deficiency/ excess are equivocal. However, ADH analysis is rarely required.

Test Prep:
Alcohol and some medications (including diuretics) can interfere with ADH secretion or its action. Talk to your doctor to identify any medications that should be discontinued before the test.
An ADH test may be requested as part of a water deprivation te

Test General info:
The ADH test measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood. ADH, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone helps regulate water bala

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pituitary Disorders, Kidney Disease


Other Names:
Dopamine; adrenaline (epinephrine); noradrenaline (norepinephrine); free urine catecholamines

Related Tests:
Plasma free metadrenalines; urine metadrenalines; fractionated urine metadrenalines

Why:
To help diagnose or rule out a phaeochromocytoma or other neuroendocrine tumour

When:
If you have symptoms of persistent or episodic high blood pressure such as severe headaches, rapid heart rate and sweating

Sample Type:
A 24-hour urine sample (collected into a bottle containing a small amount of acid) or possibly a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
Note: These tests are affected by certain drugs, foods, and stresses. Inform your doctor of any medicines you are t

Test Prep:
You may be asked to lie down and rest quietly for 15-30 minutes prior to sample collection, and your blood may be collected while you are lying down. In other circumstances, you may just be seated upright with little or no rest time before the sample coll

Test General info:
Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the medulla (central portion) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular organs which sit on top of each kidney. The main catecholamines are dopamine, adrenaline (epinephrine)


Other Names:
Search
Help? Tests List of all tests and acronyms Test not listed? 5-HIAA 17-Hydroxyprogesterone ACE ACR ACT ACTH Adenosine Deaminase ADH AFB Smear and Culture AFP Tumour Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergy Test ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT AMA Ammonia Amn

Related Tests:
Gram stain; Susceptibility testing; Blood culture; Urine culture; AFB smear and culture; Fungal culture; MRSA screening

Why:
To detect a bacterial wound infection, to determine which specific bacteria are present, and to isolate and grow the bacteria for subsequent susceptibility testing

When:
When the doctor suspects that your wound is infected by a pathogenic microorganism

Sample Type:
Usually a sterile swab used to collect cells or pus from the site of the suspected infection. Occasionally aspirations of fluid from deeper wounds into a syringe and/or a tissue biopsy may be required.

Test General info:
A bacterial wound culture is a test that is used to detect and identify pathogenic bacteria in a potentially infected wound. Wounds may be superficial breaks in the skin such as scrapes, cuts and scratches or may involve deeper tissues such as incisions,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and Skin Infections, Staph Wound Infections and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus


Why:
To screen for and monitor therapy for certain cancers of the liver and testes

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have certain cancers of the liver or testes, if you are under treatment for them, or have previously been treated for one of these cancers. It may also be used if chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver is suspected.

Test General info:
AFP is a protein that is normally produced by the developing fetus. However, it can also be produced by certain tumours and disease of the liver. Raised levels of AFP are found in the majority of patients with a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver cancer, Testicular cancer


Formal Name:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test

Related Tests:
p24 antigen test; HIV resistance testing; HIV viral load; CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts

Why:
To determine if you are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

When:
Three or four weeks after you think you may have been exposed to the virus; once a year if you are at risk of being exposed to the virus; when you doctor thinks your symptoms may be due to HIV; before becoming pregnant or during pregnancy

Sample Type:
A blood sample collected from a vein in your arm; the test can also be performed on urine or saliva (spit)

Test General info:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by slowly destroying the over a period of years, leaving the body vulnerable to debilitating infections. This test detects HIV antibodies produced by the body that can be

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Features: Blood Banking: Donating Blood
Screening: Pregnancy Screening: Pre-Conception and First Trimester


Formal Name:
[Primary tests]; Delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA); porphobilinogen (PBG); porphyrins

Why:
To help diagnose and sometimes to monitor porphyrias (a group of inherited disorders involving disturbance in the metabolism of haem, a component of haemoglobin)

When:
If a patient has symptoms that suggest an acute porphyria (such as abdominal pain, tingling in hands or feet, and/or confusion or hallucinations) or a cutaneous porphyria (such as reddening, blistering, or scarring on sun-exposed skin)

Test Prep:
None required, but preferably collect samples when symptoms are occuring
The Test

Test General info:
Porphyrin tests are assays that are used to help diagnose, and monitor a group of disorders called porphyrias. Most porphyrin tests detect and measure by-products of the synthesis of haem, a part of haemoglobin (the protein inside red blood cells that all


Related Tests:
AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, liver function tests

When:
If your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a liver disorder

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, although you should inform your doctor about any drugs you are taking.
The Test

Test General info:
ALT is an enzyme found mostly in the liver; smaller amounts are also found in the kidneys, heart, and muscles. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into the bloodstream, hence increasing the concentration that can be detected in a blood test. This o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Hepatitis, Alcoholism, Wilson Disease, Haemochromatosis


Related Tests:
Prealbumin, Microalbumin, Liver function tests

Why:
To screen for liver or kidney disease especially in hospitalised patients

When:
If your doctor thinks you have symptoms of liver or kidney disease or prior to a planned surgery

Test General info:
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood plasma. It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and carries hormones, vitamins, drugs, and ions like calcium throughout the body. Albumin is made in the liver and its concentra

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Kidney disease


Related Tests:
Drugs of Abuse Screen; Full Blood Count (FBC); Glucose; Electrolytes

Why:
To find out if a person has drunk alcohol and to measure the amount of alcohol present.

When:
When a patient has symptoms that suggest alcohol toxicity or when a person is suspected of breaking drinking-related laws or as part of a drug testing panel for pre-employment or other purposes.

Sample Type:
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) can be measured in blood sample, urine, saliva or in breath. Blood, urine, and saliva samples must be sent to a laboratory for analysis. A breath sample is analysed immediately on site using a Breathalyzer.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ethanol in the blood, urine, breath, or saliva. Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol or alcohol) has been consumed by civilizations throughout the world for thousands of years. Small amounts of ethyl alcohol can cause excite


Why:
To see if your aldosterone or renin levels are abnormal; to detect hyperaldosteronism (overproduction of aldosterone) or hypoaldosteronism (underproduction of aldosterone)

When:
If your doctor finds an electrolyte imbalance or you develop symptoms of hyperaldosteronism, such as high blood pressure or muscle weakness

Test Prep:
You may be asked to adhere to an unrestricted salt diet prior to the test or to temporarily discontinue one or more medications. Please follow any instructions you are given, as this is important to ensure the validity of test results.
The Test

Test General info:
Aldosterone is a hormone which regulates the retention of sodium (salt) and water by the kidney and also regulates the removal of potassium. It plays an important role in the control of blood pressure.
Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands which

Related Diseases:
Condition: Addison`s Disease, Conn`s Syndrome, Cushing`s Syndrome


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a 24-hour urine sample


Related Tests:
AST; ALT; GGT; Bilirubin; Liver function tests; Bone markers

Why:
To screen for or monitor treatment for a liver or bone disorder

When:
As part of liver function tests or when a person has symptoms of a liver or bone disorder

Test Prep:
Fasting is preferred but not required for this test. Eating a meal can increase the ALP level slightly for a few hours in some people. It is usually better to do the test after fasting overnight. In this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in high levels in bone and liver. Smaller amounts of ALP are found in the placenta of women who are pregnant, and in the intestines. Each of these body parts makes different forms of ALP. The different forms are cal


Related Tests:
Total IgE, Full blood count (FBC), White blood cell differential count , Eosinophil count, Basophil count

When:
When you have symptoms such as hives, dermatitis, rhinitis (nasal blockage, sneezing), red itchy eyes, asthma, or severe reactions such as anaphylaxis that your doctor suspects may be caused by an allergy

Test General info:
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a protein involved with allergic reactions; it is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. IgE is an antibody that functions as part of the body`s immune system and helps to defend against ``intruders``. When someone wi


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm
The Test Sample


Formal Name:
Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody

Related Tests:
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), Liver/Kidney microsomal antibody, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Liver panel, Smooth muscle antibody (SMA), Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Why:
To help diagnose primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)

When:
When a doctor suspects that a person may have primary biliary cirrhosis

Test General info:
This test measures whether antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are present in the blood. Moderate or high levels of AMA are strongly associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and scarring of the


Other Names:
AMH; Mullerian-inhibiting hormone; MIH; Mullerian inhibiting factor; MIF; Mullerian-inhibiting substance; MIS

Related Tests:
FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), Antral follicle count

Why:
In the UK, measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has three generally accepted uses (based on published evidence):
To help guide treatment of women undergoing assisted conception procedures. 
As part of an investigation of abnormal sexual developme

When:
Some women are tested when they are referred for assisted conception procedures e.g. in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The result can help the doctor to provide appropriate treatment which is individualised to the patients needs. 
As part of an extended newborn screen, when an infant has ambiguous genitalia (i.e. it is not clear whether the baby is a boy or a girl). 
AMH may be tested to monitor the response to treatment and tumour recurrence in women with an AMH-secreting ovarian tumour.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from the vein in your arm or from a heal prick in an infant

Test General info:
The test measures a hormone called anti – Müllerian hormone (AMH). This hormone is very important during the development of the male foetus as it is essential for the formation of male reproductive organs. 
In males, AMH is generated within cells in the

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Infertility
In the News: Study finds hormone is useful for predicting success of in vitro fertilisation


Test Name:
Aminophylline, Nuelin, Phyllocontin, Slo-Phyllin, Uniphyllin

Other Names:
Aminophylline, Nuelin, Phyllocontin, Slo-Phyllin, Uniphyllin

Related Tests:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Emergency and Overdose Drug Testing

Why:
To measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood, to establish an appropriate dose and to maintain an appropriate level

When:
At the start of drug therapy and at regular intervals to monitor the drug’s levels; when indicated, to detect low or possible toxic concentrations

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or from pricking an infant’s heel

Test Prep:
No specific test preparation is needed.
The Test

Test General info:
Theophylline and caffeine are methylxanthines – drugs that ease and stimulate breathing. These tests measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood to help establish an appropriate dose and maintain the right level. Theophylline is one of sev


Why:
To detect elevated concentrations of ammonia in the blood, to help diagnose severe liver disease and certain genetic urea cycle disorders, to investigate changes in consciousness, or to help diagnose hepatic encephalopathy and Reye’s syndrome

When:
If a patient experiences mental changes or lapses into a coma of unknown origin; if an infant or child experiences frequent vomiting and increased lethargy as a newborn or about a week after a viral illness

Test Prep:
Avoid smoking cigarettes prior to collection of the specimen and follow any other instructions that you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of ammonia in the blood. Ammonia is a chemical produced by bacteria in the intestine and by cells in the body during the processing of proteins.  Ammonia is a poisonous waste product which is normally transported to th


Other Names:
Amniocentesis; Foetal Lung Maturity Tests

Related Tests:
Triple/Quad Screen; Maternal AFP (alpha-fetoprotein); Blood Typing; Bilirubin; First Trimester Down Syndrome Screen; Chorionic Villus Sampling; fFN (Foetal fibronectin); Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To detect and diagnose some birth defects, genetic diseases, and chromosome abnormalities in a foetus, especially if pregnancy screening tests are abnormal; to help diagnose and monitor haemolytic disease in a foetus

When:
Between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation to test for genetic diseases, chromosome abnormalities, and open neural tube defects; when it is suspected that a foetus has haemolytic disease, about every 14 days

Sample Type:
A sample of amniotic fluid is obtained using a procedure called amniocentesis

Test Prep:
Depending upon the gestational age of the foetus, either a full or empty bladder may be required at the time the amniocentesis is performed. Be sure to follow any instructions that you are given.
The Test

Test General info:
Amniotic fluid surrounds, protects, and nourishes a growing foetus during pregnancy. It allows the baby to move relatively freely, keeps the umbilical cord from being compressed, and helps maintain a stable temperature. Contained within the amniotic sac,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pregnancy & Prenatal Testing, Neural Tube Defects, Down Syndrome, Thalassemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anaemia
Articles: Universe of Genetic Testing


Why:
To diagnose pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases

When:
If you have symptoms of a pancreatic disorder, such as severe abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite or nausea

Test General info:
Amylase is an enzyme made mainly by the pancreas. It is released from the pancreas into the digestive tract to help digest starch in our food. It is usually present in the blood in small quantities. When cells in the pancreas are injured or if the pancrea

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatic Disease, Pancreatitis


Other Names:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA), ANA ELISA

Related Tests:
Anti-dsDNA antibodies, anti-Sm antibodies, Sjögren`s syndrome antigen (SSA, SSB); Scl-70 antibodies; anti-centromere antibodies; anti-histone antibodies; anti-RNP antibodies, PM-Scl, Anti-Jo-1 antibodies, Anti-PL-7, PL12, Anti SRP

Why:
To help diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), drug induces SLE-like syndrome, Sjogren`s syndrome, scleroderma and  certain other autoimmune connective tissue diseases.

When:
If your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of SLE, drug-induced lupus, Sjogren`s syndrome, scleroderma or another autoimmune connective tissue disease

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed; however, some drugs interfere with the test, so tell your doctor about any medications you are taking.
The Test

Test General info:
The ANA test identifies the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in blood. These antibodies are produced by the body`s immune system – the body`s defence system against invasion by foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. Sometimes the immune

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)


Other Names:
Citrulline antibody; Anti-citrulline antibody; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; anti-CCP

Why:
To help in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and differentiate it from other types of arthritis; sometimes to help evaluate the prognosis of a patient with RA

When:
If a patient has joint inflammation and/or undiagnosed or undifferentiated inflammatory polyarthritis (symptoms may suggest but do not yet meet the criteria of RA) and the doctor suspects RA

Test General info:
The cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP) test is a relatively new assay that detects the presence of anti-citrulline antibodies in the blood. Citrulline is an unusual amino acid (protein building block), which is created when the amino acid arginin

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Autoimmune Disorders


Other Names:
Antibody to ds-DNA; Native double-stranded DNA antibody; anti-DNA; Double stranded DNA antibody

Related Tests:
ANA, ENA Panel, Anti-Sm, Anti-RNP, Anti-Ro (SSA), Anti-La (SSB), Autoantibodies

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

When:
When you have symptoms associated with SLE and a positive ANA test; periodically when you have been diagnosed with SLE

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of antibody to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) that may be present in the blood. Anti-dsDNA is an autoantibody, produced when a person`s immune system fails to distinguish between ``self`` and ``non-self``

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Disorders, Sjogren Syndrome, Scleroderma


Related Tests:
Hepatitis B antibodies; hepatitis C antibodies, liver function tests

Why:
To diagnose an infection with hepatitis A virus, or to find out the need for or the response to hepatitis A vaccination

When:
If you have symptoms of an infection with or have been exposed to the hepatitis A virus; to detect previous infection or vaccination

Test General info:
Hepatitis A antibodies are produced in response to an infection with the hepatitis A virus. The test detects the presence of this antibody.


Other Names:
HBV; Hep B; Hepatitis B; anti-HBs; Hepatitis B surface antibody; HBsAg; Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg; Hepatitis B e-antigen; Anti-Hbe; Hepatitis e antibody; anti-HBc; Hepatitis B total core antibody; anti-HBc IgM; Hepatitis B core IgM; HBV DNA

Related Tests:
Hepatitis A; hepatitis C; acute/chronic hepatitis panel; bilirubin; AST; ALT; GGT

Why:
To detect, diagnose and follow the course of an infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or to determine if the vaccine against hepatitis B has produced the desired level of immunity

When:
If you have symptoms of a hepatitis B infection or are likely to have been exposed to the virus; if you have chronic liver disease (possibly due to some other cause), if you have received the vaccine, if you were born to a mother who was HBV positive or if you are being treated for HBV

Test General info:
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is one of several various causes of hepatitis, a condition characteriszed by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. Other causes of hepatitis include, for example, certain drug

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Viral hepatitis, Liver Disease


Other Names:
Thyroid autoantibodies; Anti-thyroid antibodies; Anti-microsomal antibody; Thyroid microsomal antibody; Thyroid peroxidase antibody; TPOAb; Anti-TPO; TBII; Antithyroglobulin antibody; TgAb; TSH receptor antibody; TRAb; Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin;

Formal Name:
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb); Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb); Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb)

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroiditis, and thyroid disease; to help guide treatment decisions

When:
If you have an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) and/or if your other thyroid tests (such as Free T3, Free T4, and TSH) indicate thyroid dysfunction; if there are clinical features to suggest thyroid disease; in some patients with related autoimmune diseases

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence and measure the quantity of specific thyroid autoantibodies. These develop when a person’s immune system mistakenly recognizes components of the thyroid as foreign (not-self) and can lead to chronic thyroiditis (inflammatio

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Thyroid diseases, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Autoimmune disorders


Related Tests:
Antinuclear antibody (ANA); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); Bilirubin; Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA); F-Actin Antibody; Anti-cytoskeleton antibodies (ACTA)

Why:
To help diagnose autoimmune hepatitis and distinguish it from other causes of liver injury

When:
When a patient has hepatitis that the doctor suspects may be due to an autoimmune-related process

Test General info:
This test looks for the presence (and if present the level) of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) in the blood. Antibodies usually protect the body against infecting organisms such as  bacteria and viruses. However, antibodies which are produced against parts

Related Diseases:
Autoimmune disorders, Liver disease, Hepatitis


Other Names:
Anti-Xa; Xa inhibition; Antifactor Xa heparin; Heparin level

Why:
To monitor low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) therapy and sometimes to monitor unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy

When:
When you are being treated with LMWH or UFH and your doctor wants to monitor the amount of heparin in your blood

Test General info:
This test measures the effect of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the blood by measuring anti-Xa activity. Heparin is an anticoagulant, a drug that inhibits blood clotting. Heparin molecules vary in size and activity.


Formal Name:
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG, IgM, and IgA

Related Tests:
Antiphospholipid Antibodies;  Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I;  Anti-phosphatidylserine;  Lupus Anticoagulant Panel

Why:
To help investigate unexplained blood clot formation, to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage, or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome

When:
When you have had one or more unexplained venous or arterial thrombotic episodes; when you have had recurrent miscarriages, especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence of three classes (IgG, IgM, and/or IgA) of cardiolipin antibodies. Produced by the immune system in response to a perceived threat, these proteins are the most common antiphospholipid antibodies. They are acquired  autoanti


Test Name:
Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody


Related Tests:
HDL, LDL, Lipid Profile, Cholesterol, Apo B

Why:
To determine whether or not you have adequate levels of Apo A-I, and to help determine your risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD)

When:
When you have hyperlipidaemia and/or a family history of CHD or peripheral vascular disease; when your doctor is trying to assess your risk of developing heart disease; when you are monitoring the effectiveness of lipid treatment and/or lifestyle changes

Test General info:
Apolipoproteins are the protein component of lipoproteins - complexes that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins provide structural integrity to lipoproteins and shield the hydrophobic (water repellent) lipids at their centre.

Mo

Related Diseases:
Tests: Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides, Lipid Profile, Apo B, hs-CRP, Homocysteine
Conditions: Heart attack, Stroke, Congestive heart failure, Angina


Related Tests:
LDL, Lipid profile, Cholesterol, Apo A, HDL, Lp(a), hs-CRP, Homocysteine, Cardiac Risk Assessment, Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio

Why:
To help evaluate your risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD)

When:
When you have a personal or family history of heart disease and/or high concentrations of lipids in the blood (hyperlipidaemia) and your doctor is trying to determine your risk of developing CVD; sometimes measured to help monitor treatment for hyperlipidaemia or to help diagnose a rare apo B deficiency

Test Prep:
No special preparation is needed for an apolipoprotein B test. However, this test is often requested at the same time as other tests that do require fasting (water only), such as LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. Therefore, you may be instructed to fast for

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of apolipoprotein B (apo B) in the blood. Apolipoproteins are the protein component of lipoproteins, complexes that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins provide structural support to lipoproteins and s

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart attack, Stroke, Congestive heart failure, Angina, CVD


Related Tests:
Cardiac Risk Assessment, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Lipid Profile, Triglycerides, Tau Protein

Why:
To help confirm a diagnosis of Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia (also known as dysbetalipoproteinaemia), to evaluate a possible genetic cause of atherosclerosis, or to help confirm a diagnosis of late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in a symptomatic adult

When:
If your doctor suspects that your high cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations may be due to a genetically inherited disorder, or if you have xanthomas (yellowish raised patches) on your skin; also sometimes used if you have progressive symptoms of dementia and your doctor wants to investigate a possible cause of Alzheimer`s Disease

Test General info:
The test looks at a patient`s DNA to determine what combination of Apo E gene alleles (copies) he or she has. The ApoE gene exists in three different forms – e2, e3, and e4 – with e3 being the most common form and considered to be `neutral`. Everyone has


Related Tests:
Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Red blood cell (RBC) count, White blood cell (WBC) count, White blood cell differential count, Platelet count

Why:
To determine general health status and to screen for a variety of disorders, such as anaemia and infection, inflammation nutritional status and exposure to toxic substances

When:
As part of a routine medical examination or as determined by your doctor

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a finger-prick or heel-prick (newborns)

Test General info:
The full blood count (FBC) is one of the most commonly ordered tests and provides important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Abnormalities in any of these types of cells can i

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Thalassaemia, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders


Why:
To find out whether the amount of iron in your blood is normal.

When:
Serum iron blood tests are not performed routinely. Most often, serum iron levels are tested if your doctor thinks that you might have too much iron in your blood. A high iron level can be due to a genetic condition, extensive blood transfusions, or rarely due to ingestion of an overdose of iron (usually in children).
Previously, serum iron was also commonly requested when iron deficiency was suspected. However, it is now recommended that the amount of stored iron (in the form of ferritin) rather than serum iron is measured to aid diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia. Ferritin analysis gives a measure of body iron stores and is a better indicator of iron deficiency than measuring the iron in blood. However, serum iron blood tests can help to identify when anaemia is due to a long-term (chronic) illness.

Test Prep:
Samples for iron should be taken in the morning, before you have had any food to eat. You should not take any iron tablets for 24 hours before the test. Iron is absorbed rapidly from food or tablets, and can make your blood iron levels falsely high.
The

Test General info:
The iron test measures the amount of iron that is circulating in the liquid part of blood bound to transferrin (a transport protein). Iron is an essential trace element in your blood. It is necessary for forming healthy red blood cells. Approximately 70%

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis, pregnancy


Related Tests:
Serum Iron, Ferritin; TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin; Zinc protoporphyrin; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit

Why:
To evaluate your body`s current store of iron

When:
When your doctor suspects that you may have too little or too much iron in your system

Test Prep:
Your doctor may request that you fast for 12 hours prior to some iron blood tests. In this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Iron is an essential nutrient. It is needed in small quantities to help form normal red blood cells (RBCs). Iron is a critical part of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it as blood travels to other par

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Haemochromatosis


Other Names:
ZPP; ZP; Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin; FEP

Related Tests:
Serum iron; TIBC; Ferritin; Lead; FBC; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; Porphyrin tests; Heavy metals

Why:
To screen for and monitor chronic exposure to lead; as an aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children

When:
When you have been chronically exposed to lead, or when your doctor suspects lead poisoning

Test General info:
The test measures the concentration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in the blood.  ZPP is present in blood in trace amounts and is formed during the production of haem.  Concentrations of ZPP are increased in patients with lead poisoning and iron deficiency.


Why:
To determine if you have an imbalance in the amount of oxygen gas (O2) or carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in your blood or an acid-base imbalance (i.e. if your blood is too acidic/ alkaline), which may indicate a respiratory (lung/breathing), metabolic, or kidne

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have symptoms of an oxygen/carbon dioxide imbalance or an acid-base imbalance. These include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or rapid breathing (hyperventilation). You may also be tested to monitor the effectiveness of oxygen therapy (used when you have a condition that causes an oxygen shortage) and during operations to monitor your blood`s oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. If you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) this test may be used to assess if you need long term oxygen therapy.

Sample Type:
A blood sample collected from an artery, usually the radial artery in the wrist (located on the inside of the wrist, below the thumb, where you can feel your pulse). A capillary blood from a heel-prick may be used for babies

Test Prep:
Typically, no test preparation is needed. However, if you are on oxygen therapy, the oxygen may either be turned off for 20 to 30 minutes before the collection for a ``Room Air`` test or, if this cannot be tolerated or if the doctor wants to check your ox

Test General info:
Blood gas tests tell your doctor if you have enough oxygen in your blood and whether or not your blood pH is balanced - not too acidic (acidosis) or too alkaline/basic (alkalosis). Blood gas tests directly measure: 
pH – a measure of the level of hydroge

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, Acidosis and Alkalosis, Lung diseases, Asthma, Pneumonia


Other Names:
Aspartate aminotransferase; serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Related Tests:
ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirubin; liver function tests

Test General info:
AST is an enzyme found mostly in the heart and liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle. When heart, liver or muscle cells are injured, they release AST into the bloodstream.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Liver disease, Hepatitis, Alcoholism


Formal Name:
B1 (thiamine or thiamin); B2 (riboflavin); B3 (niacin); B5 (pantothenic acid); B6 (pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxine); B7 (biotin)

Why:
To screen for and detect moderate to severe vitamin B deficiencies

When:
When someone has symptoms that may be due to a B vitamin deficiency, is at risk for a deficiency, or has a condition associated with malabsorption

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm.

Test Prep:
The blood sample is usually collected in the morning after an overnight fast, preferably before taking any medication.
The Test

Test General info:
The B vitamins are nutrients that the body requires in small amounts (micronutrients) for metabolism, energy production, and for cell, skin, bone, muscle, organ, and nervous system health. B vitamin tests measure these specific compounds in the blood to h

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Alcoholism, Coeliac Disease, Malnutrition, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Malabsorption


Test Name:
B-cell Gene Clonality Molecular Genetic Tests

Other Names:
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement; B-cell Gene Clonality Molecular Genetic Tests; BCGR

Related Tests:
Full Blood Count (FBC), White Blood Cell Differential, Blood Film, Immunophenotyping, Chromosome Analysis, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy, Quantitative Immunoglobulins, T-cell Receptor Gene Rearragement

Why:
To help diagnose a B-cell lymphoma; to detect and evaluate residual cancer cells

When:
When a doctor thinks that you may have a B-cell lymphoma; sometimes to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment or to evaluate for recurrent disease

Sample Type:
A bone marrow, tissue (biopsy), or body fluid sample collected by your doctor; sometimes a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This test detects characteristic changes (rearrangements) in specific genes in B-cells. This information can be helpful in diagnosing a B-cell lymphoma.
B-cells are a type of lymphocyte (a kind of white blood cell, WBC) that produces antibodies in respon

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lymphoma, Leukaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders


Other Names:
Brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptides

Why:
To diagnose the presence and severity of heart failure

When:
If you have symptoms of heart failure, such as breathlessness and fatigue, or if you are being treated for heart failure

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of BNP or NTproBNP in the blood. NTproBNP is an inactive fragment produced at the same time as BNP. BNP is a hormone that helps to regulate blood volume. Both BNP and NT-proBNP are mainly produced by the heart`s left v


Why:
To find out whether you have human leucocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) on the surface of your cells; to help assess whether you might have an autoimmune disorder associated with the presence of HLA-B27

When:
When you have symptoms of chronic inflammation, pain, and stiffness in certain areas of your body, such as your back, neck, and chest, or the interior portion of your eyes uveitis, especially if you are male and the symptoms began between late teens and your early 30s

Test General info:
HLA-B27 is a particular antigen found in certain people and the gene that codes for its production. It is one of many human leucocyte antigens (HLA). Human leucocyte antigens are a group of proteins that help the body`s immune system identify its own cell

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, JRA, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Reactive Arthritis


Related Tests:
Cholesterol; HDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile

Why:
To determine your chances of developing cardiovascular disease

When:
Aged 40 as part of a routine cardiovascular health check, or if you are already thought to be at risk of cardiovascular disease for another reason, or to monitor your response to treatments which lower LDL-C.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm, or occasionally from a fingerprick

Test Prep:
A test for LDL-C typically requires a 12-hour fast, with only water permitted during this time. Your doctor might recommend a slightly shorter or longer fast. Strictly speaking, if LDL-C is being measured directly, rather than calculated using an equation

Test General info:
Cholesterol is carried in the blood by proteins called “lipoproteins”. There are a number of different types of lipoproteins, which are named after how dense they are. LDL stands for ‘low-density lipoprotein’, and any cholesterol carried by LDL is known a


Other Names:
BCR/ABL1; bcr-abl oncogene; BCR-ABL Kinase Domain Mutation Analysis

Related Tests:
Philadelphia chromosome; Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH); FBC; Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy; Blood Film; Differential

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and a type of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

When:
When you have results of a FBC and/or signs and symptoms that suggest that you may have leukaemia; periodically when you are being treated for CML or BCR-ABL-positive ALL

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a bone marrow sample collected using a bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy procedure

Test General info:
BCR-ABL refers to a gene sequence found in an abnormal chromosome 22 of some people with certain forms of leukaemia. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of non-sex-determining chromosomes (also known as autosomes) and 1 pair o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Leukaemia
Features: The Universe of Genetic Testing


Other Names:
Beta 2 transferrin; desialated transferrin

Why:
To help identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid leaking from the skull.

When:
If there is a watery discharge from your nose or ear (rhinorrhoea or otorrhoea) after you have suffered a skull fracture or after brain surgery.

Sample Type:
A sample of the suspicious watery discharge is collected into a plastic tube and at the same time a blood sample is also collected.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is normally found only within the brain and the spinal canal. If you suffer an injury which causes a tear in the membranes covering the brain and spine, CSF may leak out. This may sometimes cause watery fluid to drip from either


Other Names:
Pregnancy test; qualitative hCG; quantitative hCG; beta hCG

Why:
To confirm and monitor pregnancy or to diagnose trophoblastic disease or germ cell tumours

When:
As early as 10 days after a missed menstrual period (some methods can detect hCG even earlier, at one week after conception) or if a doctor thinks that your symptoms suggest ectopic pregnancy, a failing pregnancy, trophoblastic disease or germ cell tumours
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is also tested as part of the prenatal screening program for Down’s syndrome.

Sample Type:
A urine sample collected first thing in the morning or a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm

Test Prep:
None needed; however, do not drink large amounts of fluid before collecting a urine sample for a pregnancy test because overly dilute urine may result in a false negative test result.
The Test

Test General info:
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm or exclude pregnancy. The hormone can be detected 10 days after a missed mens


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or a drop of blood from your finger.


Why:
Usually as part of a renal profile (collection of tests which help investigate the kidney), to screen for an electrolyte or acid-base imbalance in conditions known to cause such disturbances or to monitor a known imbalance

When:
May be part of a routine blood test that includes electrolyte measurements or may be requested by your doctor if you have a medical condition or are experiencing symptoms that could indicate problems with the acid-base balance of your body

Test General info:
When you breathe, you bring oxygen (O2) into your lungs and release carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide in your blood is present in three forms: carbonic acid (H2CO3), CO2 dissolved in blood, and bicarbonate (HCO3-), the predominant form. Bicarbonate is

Related Diseases:
Tests: Electrolytes, Blood gases, anion gap
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Lung Diseases, Addison`s Disease, Cushing Syndrome, Conn Syndrome, Kidney Disease, Hypertension


Other Names:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin

Related Tests:
AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, liver function tests

Why:
To screen for and monitor liver disorders, such as cirrhosis. To help detect certain rare genetic disorders in sick babies and to avoid brain damage in babies who are markedly jaundiced.

When:
If your doctor thinks you have symptoms or signs of liver damage, liver disease, bile duct blockage, haemolytic anaemia or a liver-related metabolic problem.

Sample Type:
In adults, a blood sample from a vein in the arm; in newborns, a blood sample from a heel-prick

Test Prep:
No test preparation is necessary. The blood sample should ideally be protected from bright light before analysis.
The Test

Test General info:
Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment found in bile. The normal life-span of red blood cells in the circulation is 120 days. When they are broken down the pigment giving them their characteristic red colour, haemoglobin, (whose role is to carry oxygen to


Related Tests:
HDL; LDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile; Cardiac risk assesment

Why:
To screen for risk of developing heart disease

When:
If you already know you have heart disease (angina, heart attack) 
If there is a family history of high cholesterol, or of heart disease at an early age 
If you have risk factors which put you at an increased chance of developing heart disease, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or you are a smoker 
If you are taking drugs to lower your cholesterol level

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a finger
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Cholesterol is a substance that is essential for life. It helps form the membranes for cells in all organs and tissues in your body. It is used to make hormones that are essential for development, growth and reproduction. It forms bile acids that are need


Other Names:
Factor assays; blood clotting factors; clotting factors; or by the individual factor number (Factor I, Factor II, etc.) or name (Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, etc.)

Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), Fibrinogen

Why:
To determine whether one or more of your coagulation factors are increased, decreased or absent

When:
When you have unexplained or prolonged bleeding, an abnormal Prothrombin Time (PT) or Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) test, or have a relative with a hereditary coagulation factor deficiency; you may be tested when your doctor wants to monitor the severity of a factor deficiency and/or the effectiveness of treatment

Test General info:
Coagulation factors are a group of proteins essential for blood clot formation. When a patient has an unexplained bleeding episode, one possible cause is a reduction in the level of a coagulation factor in their blood. Measuring the level of these factors

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Hypercoagulable disorders, Bleeding disorders, Liver disease


Related Tests:
Bacterial wound culture, CSF analysis, Full blood count, Fungal infections, Susceptibility testing, Influenza tests, Urine culture

Why:
To check for the presence of a systemic infection

When:
When you have signs or symptoms of sepsis like fever, chills, feeling sick, confusion and tiredness which may develop during another illness, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia or a skin infection

Sample Type:
Two or more blood samples taken from separate sites (commonly from veins in your arms)

Test General info:
Blood cultures are done to detect and identify bacteria and yeasts (a type of fungus) in the blood. Some bacteria prefer oxygen (aerobes), while others thrive in a reduced oxygen environment (anaerobes). Blood cultures are usually collected into two types

Related Diseases:
Conditions:Fungal infections, Lung diseases, Meningitis, Septic arthritis, Urinary tract infection, Wound and skin infections, Sepsis


Other Names:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology

Related Tests:
FBC, differential, RBC, WBC, platelet count, reticulocyte count, haemoglobin, haemoglobin variants

Why:
To find out if red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are normal in appearance and number; to distinguish between different types of white blood cells and to determine their relative percentages in the blood; to help diagnose a range of deficie

When:
When FBC results are abnormal, a blood film with manual WBC differential is done to look for abnormal or immature cells; when a doctor suspects a deficiency, disease, or disorder that can affect blood cell production; when you are being treated for a disease with medications that may have an affect on blood cell production.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by pricking a finger, ear or, in the case of an infant, a heel.

Test General info:
A blood film allows the evaluation of white blood cells (WBCs, leucocytes), red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). These cell are produced and mature in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream when needed. WBCs’

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, leukaemia


Other Names:
Blood sugar; Fasting blood sugar; blood glucose; Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT or GTT); urine glucose

Related Tests:
Insulin, C-Peptide, Urine glucose, HbA1c, Microalbumin, Home Testing

Why:
To determine whether or not your blood glucose level is within normal ranges; to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes, and hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose)

When:
If you have symptoms suggesting hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose) or hypoglycemia, or if you are pregnant; if you are diabetic, up to several times a day to monitor glucose levels

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, or for a self check, a drop of blood from your finger. A few diabetic patients may use a continuous glucose monitor which is a small sensor wire inserted beneath the skin of the abdomen that measures blood glu

Test General info:
Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body. The carbohydrates we eat are broken down into glucose (and a few other simple sugars), absorbed by the small intestine and circulated throughout the body. Most of the body`s


Why:
To screen for elevated concentrations of lead in your blood

When:
If you may have been exposed to lead where you live or work; children especially should be tested as they may have inhaled dust or ingested substances that could contain lead (e.g., from paint chips or water from lead pipes found in older housing). It is also important that pregnant women who think they may have been exposed also get tested due to the risk of maternal to fetal transfer of lead through the placenta.

Test General info:
The test measures the concentration of lead within the blood. Lead is a metal that is known to be poisonous. In the past, lead was used in paints, petrol, and other household products, which can still be found, for example, in older housing. Some work act


Formal Name:
Bone Marrow Aspiration; Bone Marrow Aspirate; Bone Marrow Biopsy; Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsy

Related Tests:
FBC, Differential, Reticulocyte count, Blood film, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Platelet count, WBC, RBC

Why:
To evaluate the type, quantity, and maturity levels of the cells present in the marrow; to evaluate the structure of the marrow; and sometimes to collect a sample of marrow for more specific testing

When:
When a patient is anaemic without an obvious cause and/or has a condition or cancer that may be affecting blood cell production; as a means of helping find out how advanced a cancer is; sometimes when a doctor is investigating a fever of unknown origin, especially when the patient is immuno-compromised

Sample Type:
A bone marrow sample collected primarily from the hip bone (pelvis); sometimes collected from the sternum (breast bone) in adults or the tibia (shin bone) in infants
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are procedures used to collect and test bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft fatty tissue found inside the body’s larger bones. It has a honeycomb or sponge-like structure, consisting of a network of fibers that is filled w

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Leukaemia, Bone Marrow Disorders, Myeloproliferative disorders, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma


Test Name:
Bordetella pertussis Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM

Formal Name:
Bordetella pertussis Culture; Bordetella pertussis by PCR; Bordetella pertussis by DFA; Bordetella pertussis Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM

Why:
To detect and diagnose a Bordetella pertussis infection

When:
When you have persistent, sharp spasms or fits of coughing (paroxysms) that the doctor suspects is due to pertussis (whooping cough); when you have symptoms of a cold and have been exposed to someone with pertussis

Sample Type:
A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab or a nasal aspirate; occasionally, a blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test General info:
This is a group of tests that are performed to detect and diagnose a Bordetella pertussis infection. B. pertussis is a bacterium that targets the lungs, typically causing a three-stage respiratory infection that is known as pertussis or whooping cough. It


Other Names:
Lyme disease antibodies by ELISA; Lyme disease antibodies by Western blot; Lyme disease bacterial DNA by PCR

Formal Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies; Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by PCR

Why:
To see if you have been exposed to the bacterium that causes Lyme disease

When:
If you show symptoms of Lyme disease, especially if they appear some weeks after a painless bite from a small tick or you have recently been in woodland or long grass

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm

Test General info:
Your blood is being tested for antibodies to the Lyme disease bacterium. Their presence means you have been infected with the Lyme disease spiral bacterium (spirochaete) known as Borrelia burgdorferi by a bite from an infected tick.
People bitten by an i


Test Name:
Borrelia burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies


Test Name:
Brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptides


Other Names:
BRCA; Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1 and 2

Formal Name:
Breast Cancer Gene 1 and Breast Cancer Gene 2

Related Tests:
CA-125; CA 15-3; Her2/neu; Hormone Receptor Status; Tumour Markers

Why:
To assess the risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer

When:
If a BRCA1/2 mutation is present in a family member; if you have a very strong family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer; if you have had a breast cancer under the age of 35 that is hormone receptor negative

Test General info:
The genetic code of two genes; the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes will be analysed in detail to look for alterations (mutations) that are linked with an inherited tendency to breast and ovarian cancers. Most cancers will not be explained by such an alteration, b

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer


Test Name:
Breast Cancer Gene 1 and Breast Cancer Gene 2


Test Name:
Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1 and 2


Why:
To evaluate kidney function and monitor the effectiveness of dialysis

When:
If you have non-specific symptoms that may suggest a kidney problem or if you are suddenly ill or have a long term illness that may cause or be made worse by kidney disease

Test Prep:
No test preparation is required.
The Test

Test General info:
Urea is produced when protein is broken down by the body. Nitrogen in the form of ammonia is produced in the liver when protein is broken down. The nitrogen combines with other chemicals in the liver to form the waste product urea. The urea is released in


Formal Name:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2

Why:
To determine whether a cancer, usually a breast cancer, is positive for HER-2 gene amplification or protein expression, which helps to guide treatment and determine outcome. HER-2 evaluation is also used in the assessment of some other cancer types includ

When:
If you have been diagnosed with a cancer which may be responsive to treatment with HER-2 targetted therapy and your doctor wants to determine whether the HER-2 gene is amplified in the tumour.

Sample Type:
A sample of cancer tissue obtained during a biopsy. Generally this test is done on the biopsy taken for initial diagnosis and a second biopsy is not necessary. While HER-2 levels can be assessed in a blood sample, this is not usually done as treatment dec

Test General info:
HER-2 is an oncogene present in the nucleus of all cells. It encodes for a cell surface receptor of a chemical growth factor; when the growth factor binds to the receptor it becomes activated and this causes the cell to grow. Normal epithelial cells conta


Why:
To monitor insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas and to help determine the cause of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)

When:
If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and your doctor wants to see if you are producing enough of your own insulin, if you are insulin resistant (when your body does not respond properly to insulin), or if it is time to add insulin injections to your current treatment. Your doctor also may request a C-peptide test if you have an episode of hypoglycaemia.

Test General info:
This test measures the level of C-peptide in a blood or urine sample. C-peptide and the hormone insulin are created from a larger molecule called proinsulin, and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas.  When insulin is released into the bloodstream to h

Related Diseases:
Tests: Insulin, glucose
Conditions: Diabetes, Kidney Disease, Liver Disease


Related Tests:
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Were you looking for the high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test, used to assess your risk of cardiovascular disease?

Why:
To identify the presence of inflammation, to determine its severity, and to monitor response to treatment.

When:
When your doctor suspects that you might be suffering from an inflammatory disorder (as with certain types of arthritis and autoimmune disorders or inflammatory bowel disease) or to check for the possibility of infection (especially after surgery)

Test General info:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant, a protein made by the liver that is released into the blood within a few hours after tissue injury, the start of an infection or other inflammation. Increased concentrations in the blood can be found af

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Arthritis, Autoimmune Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sepsis, Vasculitis, Meningitis and Encephalitis


Why:
To detect the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin

When:
When a patient has acute diarrhoea that persists for several days, abdominal pain, fever, and/or nausea following antibiotic therapy.

Sample Type:
A fresh stool sample that has not been contaminated with urine or water
The Test Sample

Test General info:
This test detects the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin A and/or B in a fresh or frozen stool sample. C. difficile is a bacterium that is present in the intestines of up to 70% of healthy infants and 5% of healthy adults. C. difficile is one of the

Related Diseases:
Tests: Stool Culture 
Conditions: Diarrhoea


Other Names:
C1; C1q; C2; C3; C4; Total Complement; CH50; CH100; Total Haemolytic Complement Activity; C1 esterase inhibitor

Formal Name:
Complement Activity; Complement Component C3; Complement Component C4

Why:
To determine whether complement system proteins are contributing to increased infections or autoimmune disease. To monitor the activity of certain autoimmune diseases. To help diagnose hereditary angioedema.

When:
When you have recurrent (usually bacterial) infections, unexplained episodes of swelling, or symptoms related to certain autoimmune disorders. Periodically to help monitor a known long term disease such as systemic lupus, that affects the complement system.

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed for complement C3 and C4 measurements. For testing complement activity, the sample must be processed and frozen within 2 hours of the blood being taken from the patient.
The Test

Test General info:
Complement tests measure the quantity or activity of complement proteins in the blood. The complement system is composed of a set of circulating blood proteins that work together to promote protective immunity. Their principal role is to destroy bacteria

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Malnutrition, Vasculitis


When:
Before starting therapy for ovarian cancer or if at high risk for developing ovarian cancer, and at intervals during and after treatment. CA 125 may also be request by your GP if you have persistent or frequent symptoms that may be caused by ovarian cancer.

Test General info:
CA 125 is a protein often found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells and in some normal tissues. It is used as a marker for ovarian cancer. However, CA 125 levels may also be high in other types of non-cancerous conditions, including menstruation, pregn

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Ovarian cancer
News item: Ovarian cancer diagnosed following NICE recommendation for CA125 testing


Why:
To monitor the response to treatment of breast cancer and to watch for recurrence of the disease

When:
When you have been or are being treated for breast cancer

Test General info:
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) is a normal product of breast cells. Concentrations of CA 15-3 in the blood are often increased in breast cancer. CA 15-3 does not cause cancer; rather, it is a protein that is shed by the tumour cells, making it useful as a

Related Diseases:
Tests: Tumour Markers
Conditions: Breast cancer


Related Tests:
Bilirubin, CEA, Liver Function Tests, Tumour Markers

Why:
To help tell the difference between cancer of the pancreas and bile ducts and other conditions; to monitor response to pancreatic cancer treatment and to watch for recurrence.

When:
When your doctor suspects that you have pancreatic cancer and during or following pancreatic cancer treatment.

Test General info:
Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a protein that exists on the surface of certain cells. CA 19-9 does not cause cancer; rather, it is a protein that is produced by the tumour cells, making it useful as a tumour marker to follow the course of the cancer.

Related Diseases:
Tests: Tumour Markers
Conditions: Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatitis


Why:
To measure the amount of caeruloplasmin in the blood; to help diagnose Wilson’s disease; sometimes to help identify conditions associated with copper deficiencies

When:
When you have jaundice, tiredness, tummy pain, behavioural changes, tremors, or other symptoms that your doctor thinks may be due to Wilson’s disease or, rarely, to copper deficiency. At intervals when monitoring a copper related disease or its treatment.


Related Tests:
Creatinine; creatinine clearance; microalbumin; cystatin c; urine protein

Why:
In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance (CG73) states: “Whenever a request for serum creatinine measurement is made, clinical laboratories should report an estimate of GFR (eGFR)”

When:
As a practical test to look for evidence of kidney damage. For a more definitive assessment of kidney function or to monitor changes in kidney function if you already have kidney disease, measurement of creatinine clearance is preferred.

Sample Type:
eGFR is an estimate of actual glomerular filtration rate, calculated using your age, weight, gender, and serum creatinine (requires a blood sample from a vein in your arm); in some formulas, race is also used in the calculation. Measured Creatinine Cleara

Test General info:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the function of your kidneys. Glomeruli are tiny filters in your kidney that allow waste products to be removed from the blood, while preventing loss of important proteins and blood cells. The rate refers t

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease, Diabetes, Hypertension


Related Tests:
RET Oncogene; Calcium; TSH; FT3; FT4; Thyroglobulin; CEA

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC); to screen those at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have MTC, if you are being treated for MTC, or if a family member has MTC or MEN 2

Test Prep:
It is important that the person taking the sample follows the instructions of the local laboratory as different laboratories may require different specimen types. Please contact the local laboratory for details.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of calcitonin in the blood. The function of calcitonin in the human body is unknown; what is known is that it is a hormone produced by C-cells in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland that lies over and f


Related Tests:
Phosphate, Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), albumin

Why:
To determine if the concentration of calcium in your blood is at normal levels.

When:
In persons with kidney, bone, or nerve disease, or when symptoms of abnormal calcium are present.

Test Prep:
Current practices do not require fasting or any other test preparation.
The Test

Test General info:
Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. About 99% of it is found in the bones, and most of the rest circulates in the blood. Roughly half of the calcium is referred to as `free` (or `ionized`), and is active within the body; the remaini

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney disease; thyroid disease; breast cancer; multiple myeloma; alcoholism


Other Names:
Urinary Stone Analysis; Calculus Analysis; Renal Stone Analysis

Related Tests:
Urinalysis; Uric Acid; Calcium; Phosphate; Creatinine; Oxalate; Citrate; Cystine

Why:
To evaluate the composition of a kidney stone, to help determine the cause of its formation and to guide treatment

When:
A stone can be analysed either after a surgeon has removed it from your urinary tract or if you catch a stone that has come out of your urinary tract when passing urine

Sample Type:
A stone filtered from your urine or surgically removed from your urinary tract by a doctor

Test General info:
Kidney stone analysis uses one or more test methods to examine and determine the composition of a stone from the urinary tract. This is done in order to help identify the cause of the stone and, where possible, to prevent the formation of more stones.
Th

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Kidney Disease, Urinary Tract Infection, Gout


Related Tests:
Phenytoin, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Valproic acid

Why:
To determine the concentration of carbamazepine in the blood to establish an appropriate dose and to maintain a therapeutic level

When:
At the beginning of treatment to monitor the concentration of the drug in the blood. When indicated to detect low or high (potentially toxic) concentrations

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of carbamazepine in the blood. Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy), but is also prescribed to stabilize the moods of patients with bipolar disease and to he


Related Tests:
Tumour Markers, CA 19-9, AFP Tumour Marker

Why:
In the presence of certain cancers, CEA may be used to monitor the effect of treatment and recurrence of disease

When:
Before starting cancer treatment as well as at intervals during and after therapy

Test General info:
CEA is a protein that is normally not detected in the blood of a healthy person. When certain types of cancer are present, CEA may be produced by the cancer cells. CEA may then be detected in blood, but it will not indicate which kind of cancer is present

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bowel Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Breast Cancer


Formal Name:
Cardiac-specific Troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT); High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT)

Why:
To see if you have had a heart attack or damage to your heart muscle

When:
If you are having chest pain that may be due to a heart attack.

Test General info:
Troponins are proteins in muscle fibres that help to regulate muscle contraction. There are three different troponins: skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC) and two heart muscle troponins, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). When there is

Related Diseases:
Tests: Cardiac Risk Assessment
Conditions: Heart attack, Cardiovascular Disease


Test Name:
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG, IgM, and IgA


Other Names:
T4 count; T-helper cells; T-suppressor cells; cytotoxic T-cells

Formal Name:
CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8 lymphocyte count; T-cell subsets; CD4/CD8 ratio; CD4 percent

Related Tests:
HIV antibody, p24 antigen test, HIV viral load, HIV genotypic resistance testing, HIV phenotypic resistance testing

Why:
Most often, this test is done to measure the strength of your immune system if you’ve been diagnosed with HIV infection.  Occasionally it may be used with other conditions.

When:
If you’ve been diagnosed with HIV, soon after you are first diagnosed to get a baseline assessment of your immune system; 2-8 weeks after starting anti-HIV therapy and then every three to four months if you continue therapy

Test General info:
CD4 and CD8 cells are lymphocytes that have markers on the surfaces of the cells called CD4 and CD8. They are types of white blood cells that fight infection, and they play an important role in your immune system function.  CD4 and CD8 cells are made in t


Related Tests:
Glucose; Total Protein; FBC (Full Blood Count); Lactate; Protein Electrophoresis;  AFB Smear and Culture; Blood Culture; Herpes; Lyme Disease; Rubella; Syphilis; West Nile Virus

Why:
To diagnose a disease or condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS) such as bleeding within the brain or skull, cancer, autoimmune disorder or infection

When:
When your doctor suspects that your symptoms are due to a condition or disease involving your central nervous system

Sample Type:
A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected by a doctor from the lower back using a procedure called a lumbar puncture or spinal tap

Test Prep:
The patient should empty their bladder and bowels prior to the sample collection. It will be necessary to lie still in a curled-up fetal position during the test and to lie quietly for a time period after the collection.
The Test

Test General info:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear watery liquid filtrate that is formed by the choroid plexus, special tissue that has many blood vessels and lines the small spaces or chambers (ventricles) in the brain. CSF flows around the brain and spinal cord, surr

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Meningitis and Encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Herpes, HIV, Lyme disease, Multiple sclerosis, Syphilis, Traveller’s diseases, Tuberculosis, West Nile Virus


Other Names:
Cervical screening test; Liquid based cytology test (LBC)

Formal Name:
Smear Test; PAP Test; Papanicolaou smear; cervical/vaginal cytology

Related Tests:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Trichomonas wet prep

Why:
To screen for early abnormalities (pre-cancer) which, if left untreated, could lead to cervical cancer.

When:
In England, all woman between the ages of 25 and 64 are eligible for a free cervical screening test every three to five years, depending on age.
In Wales those between 20 and 64 are eligible for screening at 3 yearly intervals.
In Scotland those between 20 and 60 are eligible for screening 3 at yearly intervals.
In Northern Ireland those between 20 and 64 are eligible for screening at 5 yearly intervals.
In the Republic of Ireland those between 25 and 44 are eligible for screening at 3 yearly intervals and those between 45 and 60 at 5 yearly intervals.

Sample Type:
Cells from the cervix (neck of the womb)

Test Prep:
You may be asked to refrain from sexual intercourse for 24-48 hours before the test, avoid using vaginal creams or foams in the 48 hours before the test and book the test appointment 10-14 days after the beginning of your last menstrual period.
The Test

Test General info:
A cervical cytology test is a test used to detect abnormal or potentially abnormal cells from the uterine cervix (neck of the womb).


Other Names:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) genotyping; CF DNA analysis; CF gene mutation panel; molecular genetic testing

Related Tests:
Sweat chloride, Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT)

Why:
To detect cystic fibrosis (CF) genetic mutations to establish CF carrier status or to establish the diagnosis of CF in an individual

When:
When a newborn baby has no stools in the first 24 to 48 hours of life (meconium ileus) or when a person has symptoms of CF; if a person has a positive sweat chloride or an immunoreactive trypsin test or a close relative who has been diagnosed with CF; or when a patient is undergoing genetic counselling and wants to find out if they are a CF carrier. In addition, high risk carrier couples may have the test prior to in vitro fertilization so that the test can be carried out before implantation.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from an infant`s heel; a spot of blood that is put onto filter paper; or a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The CF gene mutation test identifies mutations in the CFTR gene. Each cell in the human body (except sperm and eggs) has 46 chromosomes (23 inherited from the mother and 23 from the father). Genes on these chromosomes form the body`s blueprint for produci

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cystic fibrosis, Lung diseases


Related Tests:
Serotonin, 5-HIAA, Catecholamines, Tumour Markers

Why:
To help diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumours and other neuroendocrine tumours

When:
When you have symptoms suggestive of a carcinoid tumour such as flushing, diarrhoea, and/or wheezing. When your doctor thinks you may have a carcinoid or other neuroendocrine tumour

Test Prep:
You may be required to fast overnight prior to the specimen being taken and to temporarily discontinue certain medication beforehand. Please check the local laboratory instructions with your doctor prior to blood being taken.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of Chromogranin A (CgA) in the blood. CgA is a protein found in and released from neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells, and the endocrine system glands that they are found in, can give rise to a variety of tumours, both

Related Diseases:
Tests: Serotonin, 5-HIAA, Catecholamines, Tumour Markers


Other Names:
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV); Herpes Zoster

Formal Name:
Varicella Zoster Virus Culture; Varicella Zoster Virus by PCR; Varicella Zoster Virus by DFA; Varicella Zoster Virus Antibodies; IgG and IgM

Why:
If your doctor suspects that you have, or have recently had, chickenpox or shingles and a diagnosis is necessary; to show immunity to the varicella zoster virus (VZV) or the potential for re-activating a VZV infection before receiving immunosuppressive dr

When:
To check immune status and/or to find an active infection; sometimes when a person has unusual (atypical) and/or severe symptoms and the doctor wants to distinguish between a VZV infection and another cause; prior to an organ transplant or when pregnant woman, or an immune-compromised person has been exposed to someone with chickenpox

Sample Type:
A blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm for VZV antibody testing; to detect the virus itself, a sample of fluid from a blister (vesicle), blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluid or tissue

Test General info:
Tests for chicken pox and shingles are done to find and diagnose either a current or past infection with the virus (varicella zoster virus (VZV)) that causes these conditions. Most often, testing is not necessary because a diagnosis of active infection ca


Why:
To screen for or diagnose chlamydia infection

When:
If you are sexually active and have one or more risk factors for developing chlamydia, or have symptoms of infection e.g. discharge from the vagina or penis.

Sample Type:
A urine sample or a swab of cells or secretion from the infected area is required
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United Kingdom.


Why:
To determine if there is a problem with your body’s acid-alkali (pH) balance and to monitor treatment

When:
If your doctor thinks that you have an electrolyte imbalance

Test General info:
Chloride is an electrolyte. When combined with sodium it is mostly found in nature as “salt.” Chloride is important in maintaining the normal acid-base balance of the body and, along with sodium, in keeping normal levels of water in the body. Chloride gen

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Addison`s Disease, Cushing Syndrome, Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure, Lung Diseases, Kidney Disease, Diarrhoea


Related Tests:
Therapeutic drug monitoring, urea, Creatinine, Lipid profile, Liver function tests

Why:
To determine the concentration of ciclosporin in your blood in order to establish a dose regime, maintain therapeutic levels, and detect toxic levels

When:
As soon as ciclosporin therapy begins, usually daily or 2-3 times a week, and periodically after that as dose is adjusted or maintained

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of ciclosporin in the blood. Ciclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug used to dampen the body’s natural defences. When patients have an organ transplant, their immune system recognizes the new organ as a foreign substance and

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune disorders, Inflammatory bowel disease, Rheumatoid arthritis


Why:
To detect and monitor muscle damage and to help diagnose conditions associated with muscle damage

When:
If you have muscle pain, tenderness, weakness and swelling after muscle damage, particularly if your urine becomes dark reddish-brown in colour

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. CK is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle and other tissues. Increased amounts are released into the bloodstream when there is muscle damage. CK occurs in three major for


Why:
To find out if you have had a heart attack

When:
If you have chest pain and troponin test is not available

Test General info:
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that occurs in three major forms, called isoenzymes:
CK-MB (found mostly in heart muscle) 
CK-BB (found mostly in brain) 
CK-MM (found in muscles) 
CK–MB rises when there is any damage to heart muscle cells.


Related Tests:
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV); Herpes Simplex Virus; Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV); TORCH

Why:
If your doctor suspects you presently have, or recently had, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or if it is important to know if you have ever had a CMV infection – such as prior to receiving an organ transplant

When:
When a young adult, a pregnant female, or an immune-compromised patient has typical symptoms that suggest a CMV infection (tiredness, fever, jaundice); when a newborn has multiple congenital anomalies, unexplained jaundice or anaemia, and/or when an infant has seizures or developmental problems that may be due to CMV

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm for CMV antibody testing; to detect the virus itself, sample may be blood, urine, or sputum, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), duodenal fluid, or other body tissue

Test General info:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) testing is requested to determine whether someone is currently, or has recently been, infected with CMV. It may also sometimes be used to determine whether someone has ever been exposed to CMV. Testing for CMV involves either a measu


Related Tests:
FBC, ESR, CRP, Calcium, Total Protein, Albumin, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin E, Iron, Folate, Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA), Anti-tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (TTG)

Why:
To help in making a diagnosis of coeliac disease, and also to assess the effectiveness and degree of adherence to a gluten-free diet

When:
Patients who have symptoms suggestive of coeliac disease should be tested. These symptoms may include, for example:
chronic diarrhoea 
abdominal pain 
weight loss 
anaemia 
poor growth or chronic irritability in an infant or child 
Patients with known coeliac disease may be tested by their doctor to help assess the effectiveness and observance of a gluten-free diet.

Test Prep:
Follow your doctor`s instructions. For diagnosis, ingestion of gluten-containing foods for a time period, such as several weeks, is necessary. For monitoring, no preparation is necessary.
The Test

Test General info:
Coeliac antibody tests help in the diagnosis of coeliac disease, and also can help to rule out this diagnosis. These tests detect autoantibodies that the body creates as part of an immune response to dietary proteins (such as gluten) found in wheat, rye,

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Coeliac disease, Autoimmune disorders, Malnutrition


Why:
To help detect and to monitor prostate cancer

When:
If you have symptoms of prostate disease, such as difficulty in passing urine, or passing urine more frequently than usual

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Blood is being tested for the level of PSA it contains. PSA is a protein produced mainly by cells in the prostate gland and can be a useful indicator of prostate cancer. This protein can be found in all males; however, men whose levels are increased may h

Related Diseases:
For more information visit the Macmillan cancer support website.
^ Back to top2.  Are the recommendations for PSA testing different for different ethnic groups, such as those of Afro-Caribbean descent? 
The incidence for disease is greater among Afro-Ca


Other Names:
Cu, 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-caeruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper

Formal Name:
Copper (24-hour urine, total and free blood, and hepatic)

Why:
To measure the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver; to help diagnose and monitor Wilson’s disease; sometimes to identify copper deficiencies and excesses

When:
When you have jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, behavioural changes, tremor, or other symptoms that your doctor thinks may be due to Wilson’s disease or, rarely, to copper deficiency or excess; at intervals when you are being treated for a copper-related condition

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver (hepatic). Copper is an essential mineral that the body incorporates into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, formation of connective tissue, energy


Other Names:
Retic Count; Reticulocyte Index; Corrected Reticulocyte

Related Tests:
Red blood cell count; Haemoglobin; Haematocrit; FBC; Blood film; Erythropoietin

Why:
To help evaluate the bone marrow`s ability to produce red blood cells (RBCs) and to help distinguish between anaemia related to blood loss or destruction and anaemia related to decreased RBC production; to help monitor bone marrow response and the return

When:
When you have a decreased (or increased) RBC count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit and your doctor wants to evaluate bone marrow function

Sample Type:
A blood sample obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm or sometimes from pricking a finger or the heel of an infant

Test General info:
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). They are produced in the bone marrow when stem cells differentiate and progress toward RBC development, eventually forming reticulocytes and finally mature RBCs. Most RBCs are fully mature before they are

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Bone marrow disorders


Other Names:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol

Related Tests:
ACTH, Aldosterone, Synacthen stimulation test, Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Why:
To help diagnose Cushing’s syndrome or Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) or secondary adrenal insufficiency.

When:
If your doctor suspects damage to the adrenal gland, or any condition that could result in the body producing too much cortisol

Test Prep:
Some test preparation may be needed. Follow any doctor’s instructions that are given as far as timing of sample collection, resting, and/or any other specific pre-test preparation.
A saliva test requires special care in obtaining the sample. You may be i

Test General info:
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, which is essential for survival. Production and secretion of cortisol is stimulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), a hormone produced by the pituitary gland – a tiny organ located insid

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Cushing`s syndrome, Addison`s Disease


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or a 24 hour urine sample. Occasionally a saliva sample may be tested.


Related Tests:
Urea; GFR and eGFR; creatinine clearance; Urinalysis

Why:
To determine if your kidneys work normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease

When:
As part of a routine blood test if you have non-specific health complaints or if your doctor thinks that you may have kidney disease; at intervals to monitor treatment for kidney disease or kidney function while on certain medicines

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of creatinine in your blood and/or urine. Creatinine is a waste product produced in your muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. Creatine is part of the cycle that produces energy needed to contract your mus

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Congestive heart failure, diabetes, kidney disease


Related Tests:
Creatinine; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); Urinalysis

Why:
To help detect and evaluate kidney dysfunction or decreased blood flow to the kidneys

When:
If your doctor thinks that you may have a problem affecting the function of your kidneys, such as an obstruction within the kidney, acute or chronic kidney failure, dehydration, shock, or another disease, such as congestive heart failure. Creatinine clearance may also be measured before you are prescribed certain drugs which rely on good kidney function in order to allow the drugs to be removed from the body effectively after they have carried out their purpose. Other straightforward methods of estimating the function of your kidneys now in routine use across the UK include the calculation of estimated glomerular function rate (eGFR) from a single blood sample taken from a vein in your arm.

Test General info:
This test measures the concentration of creatinine in both a sample of blood and a sample of urine from a 24-hour urine collection. The results are used to calculate the amount of creatinine that has been cleared from the blood and passed into the urine.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Congestive heart failure, kidney disease


Other Names:
Fragment D-dimer; Cross-linked fibrin degradation product (XDP)

Related Tests:
Fibrin Degradation Product (FDP); Prothrombin Time (PT); Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT, or PTT); Fibrinogen; Platelet Count

Why:
To help diagnose or exclude thrombotic (blood clot producing) or bleeding diseases and conditions.

When:
When you have symptoms of a disease or condition that causes acute and/or chronic inappropriate blood clot formation such as: DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis), PE (Pulmonary Embolism), or DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation), and to monitor the progress and treatment of DIC and other thrombotic conditions.

Test General info:
When a vein or artery is injured and begins to leak blood, a sequence of clotting steps and factors (called the coagulation cascade) is activated by the body to limit bleeding and create a blood clot to plug the hole.  During this process, threads of a pr


Related Tests:
Lipid profile; Cardiac risk assessment; CRP
Were you looking for the CRP test, used to evaluate general inflammation?

Why:
May be used to predict your risk of developing heart disease

When:
When risk factors for heart and blood vessel disease are present as part of cardiac risk assessment; currently most testing is done in research settings only

Test General info:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein in the blood that increases when inflammation is present. CRP has been used for many years as an indicator of infection and inflammation associated with disease. Doctors now believe that atherosclerosis (fatty build-u


Related Tests:
Protein Electrophoresis; Hepatitis C, Complement C4 levels, rheumatoid factor

Why:
To determine if symptoms like sensitivity of extremities to cold is due to the presence of abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins in the blood

When:
When a person has symptoms such as a rash, bruising, pain, weakness, joint pain, and/or paleness and coolness of the extremities that occur at cold temperatures

Test General info:
This test detects and measures the relative quantity of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulins are circulating proteins, specifically, immunoglobulins, (i.e., IgG, IgM, IgA) that clump together (precipitate) when they are exposed to cold and dissolve w

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Disorders, Hepatitis, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma, Leukaemia, RA


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm and/or a 24-hour urine sample; sometimes a liver biopsy sample


Why:
To diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI)

When:
If you experience symptoms of a UTI, such as pain during urination

Sample Type:
A mid-stream ``clean`` urine sample
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Urine is one of the body’s waste products. It is produced in the kidneys and collected in the bladder until a person urinates. Normally, the urine does not contain significant numbers of any microorganism. However, if bacteria or yeast are introduced into


Related Tests:
Gram Stain, Susceptibility Testing, AFB Smear and Culture, Blood Culture, Fungal Tests, FBC

Why:
To detect and identify the cause of bacterial pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections; to monitor the effectiveness of treatment

When:
When you have symptoms associated with a lower respiratory tract infection; when you have been treated for bacterial pneumonia

Sample Type:
A fresh sputum sample (deep respiratory secretions, not saliva), usually collected first thing in the morning

Test Prep:
Rinse mouth out with water prior to collection to remove loose cells in the oral cavity.
The Test

Test General info:
Sputum cultures detect the presence of disease-causing bacteria in those who have bacterial pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections. Bacteria in the sample are identified and their susceptibility to various antibiotics is assessed to help c

Related Diseases:
Conditions:Pneumonia, Lung Diseases, Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungal Infections, Cystic Fibrosis


Related Tests:
Creatinine, Creatinine Clearance, Calculated Creatinine Clearance, urea, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Why:
Currently not routinely available but in the future, may serve as an alternative to creatinine to monitor kidney function in those with known or suspected kidney diseases

When:
It may prove useful if you have symptoms of kidney disease and/or have a disease or condition that is known to affect kidney function

Test General info:
Cystatin C is a small protein that is produced by nucleated cells. It is produced and destroyed at a constant rate and is found in a variety of body fluids such as blood, spinal fluid, and breast milk. 

Cystatin C is filtered out of the blood by the gl


Related Tests:
Stool Culture; Giardia; Cryptosporidium; Entamoeba Histolytica antigen tests

Why:
To determine whether you have a parasite infecting your gastrointestinal tract.

When:
When you have diarrhoea that lasts more than a few days and/or have blood or mucous in your loose stools, especially if you have drunk stream or lake water while camping or have travelled outside of the United Kingdom.

Sample Type:
A fresh or preserved stool sample, sometimes multiple samples collected on different days.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
An ova, cysts and parasite (OCP) exam is a microscopic evaluation of a stool sample. It is used to look for parasites that have infected the gastrointestinal tract. These parasites and their ova (eggs, cyst form) are shed - passed out of the body through


Why:
To help evaluate your ability to absorb carbohydrates

When:
When you have symptoms of malabsorption, such as persistent diarrhoea and fatty stools

Sample Type:
Timed blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm and a timed urine collection

Test Prep:
Fast for 8 hours and avoid foods high in pentose, such as jams, fruits, and pastries, for 24 hours prior to the test. Ask your doctor if there are any necessary medication changes.
The Test

Test General info:
D-Xylose is a simple sugar (carbohydrate) that is usually easily absorbed by the intestines. This test determines how well someone absorbs D-xylose, in order to evaluate the person`s ability to absorb carbohydrates in general. This is done by measuring th

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Malabsorption, Diarrhoea, Cystic Fibrosis, Coeliac Disease, Pancreatic Insufficiency, Malnutrition


Related Tests:
Testosterone; ACTH; FSH; LH; Prolactin; Oestrogen; Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG); 17-Hydroxyprogesterone

Why:
DHEAS is measured to evaluate adrenal function and certain adrenal tumours, and to investigate the cause of virilisation in girls or early puberty in boys.

When:
The measurement of DHEAS is used very infrequently in the UK as it has been found that other tests are more helpful.  A doctor may measure DHEAS in a woman who has excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), acne, amenorrhea, or infertility; and more rarely in a male child who is undergoing very early (precocious) puberty or a female child who is showing signs of virilisation. 

It is sometimes used in the investigation of Cushing’s syndrome to help differentiate an adrenal tumour from adrenal carcinoma.

Test General info:
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) is a weak androgen, a male sex hormone, that is present in the blood of both men and women. It has a role to play in developing male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, and it can be changed by the body int


Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, a random urine sample, preferably collected whilst symptoms are occurring, and a small stool sample


Other Names:
Differential leucocyte count; White blood cell morphology; WBC differential; Diff

Why:
To diagnose an illness affecting your immune system, such as an infection, inflammatory illness, immune deficiency, or tumour such as leukaemia or lymphoma

When:
As part of a full blood count (FBC), which may be requested for a variety of reasons

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or by a finger-prick (children and adults) or heel-prick (infants)

Test General info:
There are five types of white blood cells, each with different functions: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The differential reveals if these cells are present in normal proportion to one another, if one cell type is increase


Related Tests:
Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Creatinine clearance; Potassium

Why:
To determine if the amount of digoxin in your blood is at an appropriate level or to detect potentially toxic levels

When:
Soon after the start of digoxin therapy and at regular intervals to ensure that drug levels are within the desired range and are not low or at toxic concentrations

Test Prep:
No special preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testing is important. When you have your blood taken, tell the blood collector when you took your last dose of digoxin. You may want to write down the exact time at which you took your dose an

Test General info:
Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. This test measures the amount of digoxin in the blood. Heart failure, including congestive heart failure (CHF) causes the heart to become less effective at circulating blood. As a r

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Heart attack, Heart disease, CHF, Hypertension, Kidney disease


Related Tests:
LDL; Lipid Profile; Cholesterol; HDL; Triglycerides; ApoB

Why:
To help determine your risk of developing heart disease and to monitor lipid-lowering lifestyle changes and drug therapies; to accurately determine your low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration when you have raised triglyceride concentrat

When:
As a follow-up to a lipid profile if your triglycerides are significantly elevated; at regular intervals to monitor efforts to lower LDL concentrations

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed. Your doctor might recommend that you fast (water only) for 14 hours prior to the test, so that other related substances can be measured in the same sample.
The Test

Test General info:
The direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol test (direct LDL-C) measures the amount of LDL cholesterol, sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, in the blood. Elevated concentrations are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease. U


Other Names:
Hydrogen Breath Test; Lactose Breath Test; Disaccharide Absorption Test; Oral Lactose Tolerance

Formal Name:
Hydrogen Breath Test; Lactose Tolerance Test

Related Tests:
Stool Acidity Test, Glucose, Xylose Absorption Test, Coeliac Disease Tests

Why:
To help diagnose lactose intolerance in individuals who have difficulties digesting dairy products, or sometimes as part of an investigation of malabsorption conditions

When:
When you have symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea after consuming milk and other dairy products

Sample Type:
A series of breath samples exhaled into a collector, or a series of blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Prep:
Fasting is required before and during testing. The person being tested should not exercise or smoke for several hours before testing. In some cases, additional instructions may be provided by the doctor and/or laboratory. For example, you may be asked to

Test General info:
Lactose tolerance tests measure hydrogen in the breath or changes in the level of glucose in the blood after a person is given a drink containing a standard amount of lactose, thus determining whether the individual is capable of proper digestion of lacto

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Lactose Intolerance, Malabsorption, Coeliac Disease, Diarrhoea, Pancreatic Insufficiency


Other Names:
Drug testing; Drug screen; Poison testing; Toxicology assays

Related Tests:
Drugs of abuse; Osmolality; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Electrolytes; Glucose; Urea; Creatinine; Liver Function; Blood gases; Paracetamol; Ethanol; Salicylate

Why:
To detect, measure, and occasionally monitor drugs that are causing acute overdose symptoms; results from emergency and overdose testing are used mainly for to help treatment. If results are needed for legal proceedings, then special legal (forensic) proc

When:
When a person has symptoms such confusion, difficulty breathing, feeling sick, agitation, fits, changes in heart rhythm, or increased temperature that the Accident and Emergency (A&E) doctor thinks may be drug-related; at intervals to monitor a drug overdose

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, a urine sample, or sometimes a breath sample; rarely, saliva or another body fluid

Test General info:
Emergency and overdose drug testing is requested for single drugs or groups of drugs by an A&E or Intensive Care doctor to detect, assess, and monitor someone who has a drug overdose. A drug overdose may be caused by a variety of prescription and over-the


Why:
To detect or exclude the presence of abused and/or illegal drugs. This may be carried out for a number of reasons including a pre-employment screen or to comply with a drug rehabilitation programme.

When:
If you apply for a job where drug screens are carried out as a routine. People with drug and alcohol problems have worse record for accidents and absenteeism; for this reason some employers screen  job applicants prior to appointment. 
If you have admitted having a drug problem and are enrolled in a detoxification or drug rehabilitation scheme. 
If you believe you may have taken a drug accidentally or been given a drug without consent (e.g. drink spiking). 
If you are admitted to hospital in an emergency and doctors think that your treatment could be improved if drug abuse could be proved or excluded. 
If you take part in a sport at a professional level. 
If you apply for an insurance policy – some companies perform limited drug screening on applicants. 
For legal reasons (e.g. child custody cases).

Sample Type:
A random urine sample is usually collected for detection of drugs of abuse although they can be detected in blood, sweat, saliva, mother`s milk and hair samples.
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The presence of various classes of abused drugs can be tested for. This usually starts with a screen where the drug group (e.g. opiates) is detected; positive results are then followed up by a more specific test which identifies the individual drug taken


Other Names:
E. coli; E. coli O157; E. coli non-O157; STEC

Formal Name:
E. coli O157 culture; Shiga-like toxin by EIA; Stx gene detection by PCR

Why:
To determine if your gastrointestinal symptoms are due to an infection caused by Escherichia coli bacteria that produce Shiga toxin

When:
When you have acute diarrhoea that is persistent, severe and/or bloody

Sample Type:
A fresh liquid or unformed stool sample that does not contain urine or water, collected in a clean dry container; a rectal swab may be collected from infants. Stool and rectal swab may be placed in transport media for delivery to laboratory.

Test General info:
These tests detect the presence of disease-causing (pathogenic) Escherichia coli that produce Shiga toxins. E. coli bacteria commonly occur in nature and they are a necessary component of the digestive process in humans and most other mammals. Most strain


Other Names:
EBV Antibodies; EBV VCA-IgM Ab; EBV VCA-IgG Ab; EBNA-IgG Ab; EA-D IgG Ab

Formal Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgM; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgG; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Nuclear Antigen, IgG; Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Early D Antigen, IgG; Heterophile Antibodies (see Monos

Related Tests:
Monospot; Full Blood Count; White Blood Cell Count

Why:
To help diagnose glandular fever (also known as Infectious Mononucleosis); to help evaluate susceptibility to EBV infection; to distinguish between an EBV infection and another illness with similar symptoms

When:
When you have symptoms of glandular fever but a negative Monospot test; when a pregnant woman has flu-like symptoms; sometimes when an asymptomatic person has been exposed to EBV

Test General info:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies are a group of tests that are requested to help diagnose a current, recent, or past EBV infection. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family. Passed through the saliva, the virus causes an infection that is very common


Related Tests:
FBC, Urea, Creatinine, Liver Function Tests, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Why:
To detect and evaluate toxic concentrations of methotrexate

When:
At specific timed intervals after a high dose of methotrexate to monitor blood concentrations and guide treatment and whenever symptoms suggest methotrexate toxicity

Test Prep:
No test preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testing is important and the doctor may specify collection at a certain number of hours after a methotrexate dose has been given.No test preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testin

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of methotrexate in the blood. Methotrexate is a drug that has been in use since the 1960s. It is primarily used to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphoma, cancers of the lung, head, neck, and breast, and is als

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Breast Cancer, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Liver Disease, Lung Diseases, Kidney Disease


Related Tests:
Sodium; Potassium; Chloride; Bicarbonate; Urea; Creatinine; anion gap

Why:
To detect a problem with the body`s electrolyte balance.

When:
As part of routine blood testing, or when your doctor suspects that you have an imbalance of one of the electrolytes (usually sodium or potassium), or if your doctor suspects an acid-base imbalance. Electrolytes may also be checked if you are prescribed certain drugs, particularly diuretics or ACE inhibitors.

Test General info:
Electrolytes are minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts. As electrically charged particles, electrolytes help move nutrients into and wastes out of the body`s cells, maintain a healthy water balance, and help stab

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Kidney Diseases, Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure


Why:
To determine phenytoin concentration in the blood, to maintain an appropriate level, and to detect phenytoin toxicity

When:
At regular intervals to monitor, as needed to detect low or toxic concentrations

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of phenytoin in the blood. Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat some seizure disorders (also called epilepsy). Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity.


Test Name:
Epilim, Depakote, sodium valproate, semisodium valproate

Other Names:
Epilim, Depakote, sodium valproate, semisodium valproate

Why:
To measure the amount of valproic acid in the blood and to maintain an effective level

When:
To detect low or excessive (potentially toxic) levels

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of valproic acid in the blood. Valproic acid is a drug that is used mainly to treat certain fitting disorders (also called seizures or epilepsy), but is also prescribed to treat bipolar disease (manic depression) and to preve

Related Diseases:
Tests: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Conditions: Epilepsy


Related Tests:
Red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, FBC, reticulocyte count

Why:
Either to help tell the difference between polycythaemia vera and secondary polycythaemia or to help tell the difference between different types of anaemia. It also shows whether the amount of erythropoietin being produced is appropriate for the level of

When:
If a patient has an elevated red blood cell count or an anaemia that the doctor suspects may be caused by decreased red blood cell production

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of erythropoietin in the blood. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys. It is produced and released into the bloodstream if the blood oxygen levels are low (hypoxaemia). Erythropoietin is carried to the bo

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, kidney diseases, bone marrow disorders


Test Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Early D Antigen, IgG


Test Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Nuclear Antigen, IgG


Test Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgG


Test Name:
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen, IgM


Other Names:
Parvovirus; Fifth Disease test; Parvo B19; Erythema infectiosum

Why:
To determine if you have, or recently had, a parvovirus B19 infection and if you are at an increased risk of complications from this viral infection

When:
When a pregnant woman has been exposed to someone with parvovirus B19; when a person, especially an immune-compromised person, has persistent or severe anaemia

Sample Type:
A blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm to test for the presence of parvovirus B19 antibody. To detect the virus itself a blood or rarely a bone marrow sample is required.

Test General info:
Parvovirus B19 is a virus that causes a common childhood illness, also called ``fifth disease`` or ``erythema infectiosum.`` It is also known as “Slapped Cheek Disease” because of the typical rash that appears in some children. The virus is found in respi

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Pregnancy, Anaemia, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Thalassaemia


Related Tests:
C-reactive protein (CRP); fibrinogen; immunoglobulins

Why:
To detect and monitor the activity of inflammation as an aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause

When:
When your doctor thinks that you might have a condition that causes inflammation and to help diagnose and follow the course of this, especially temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica

Test General info:
ESR is an indirect measure of the degree of inflammation present in the body. It actually measures the rate of fall (sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a tall, thin tube of blood. Results are reported as how many millimetres of clear plas

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Autoimmune Disorders, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis, Coeliac Disease, Lupus, CFS, JRA


Other Names:
Trace Minerals; Micronutrients; Essential Minerals

Related Tests:
Chromium; Copper; Caeruloplasmin; Fluoride; Iodine; Iron tests; Manganese; Molybdenum; Selenium; Zinc; Vitamin B12 and Folate; Vitamin D

Why:
To detect and monitor a mineral deficiency or excess; sometimes to evaluate your nutritional status

When:
When you have symptoms or signs of a specific mineral deficiency or excess; as indicated when you have a condition that affects mineral absorption, use, or storage

Sample Type:
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm; sometimes a random or 24-hour urine sample; rarely, a tissue sample, or another body fluid sample

Test Prep:
Please check with your doctor to find out if you are required to fast before your test is performed.
The Test

Test General info:
Trace elements are a group of tests that measure specific minerals, primarily in the blood but sometimes in the urine or another bodily tissue or fluid. These minerals are substances that the body needs in tiny amounts on a regular basis for normal functi

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia, Malnutrition, Wilson Disease, Alcoholism, Cystic Fibrosis, Haemochromatosis


Related Tests:
Prothrombin Time (PT); activated Partial Prothrombin Time (aPTT, or PTT); D-dimer; Coagulation Factors; Thrombin Time

Why:
To determine whether your fibrinogen level is adequate to allow normal blood clotting, to help diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), to help determine whether you have an inherited fibrinogen deficiency or abnormality. Sometimes as a non-

When:
When you have unexplained or prolonged bleeding, an abnormal Prothrombin Time (PT) or activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) test, or have a relative with a hereditary fibrinogen deficiency or abnormality. To evaluate whether certain abnormalities in a Full Blood Count are due to inflammation or are self-generated. When your doctor wants additional information to help evaluate your risk of developing heart disease

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm, or sometimes, via a finger prick (mainly performed in children)

Test General info:
Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor, a protein that is essential for blood clot formation. It is produced by the liver and released into the circulation as needed along with over 20 other clotting factors. Normally, when a body tissue or blood vessel wall

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Excessive Clotting Disorders, Bleeding Disorders, Liver Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, DIC


Other Names:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C (APC) resistance; Factor V R506Q; Prothrombin 20210 mutation: PT G20210A; factor II 20210

Formal Name:
Factor V Leiden mutation; Prothrombin 20210 mutation

Related Tests:
Antithrombin; Protein C and Protein S; Homocysteine; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR)

Why:
To determine whether you have an inherited gene mutation that increases your risk of developing a venous thromboembolism

When:
When you have had an unexplained thrombotic episode, especially when you are less than 50 years old and have no other risk factors

Test General info:
Factor V and prothrombin are coagulation factors, a group of proteins produced by the liver that is activated in a step-by-step process called the coagulation cascade when a blood vessel is injured. The result of the coagulation cascade is a blood clot th

Related Diseases:
Tests: Coagulation Factors
Conditions: Hypercoagulable Disorders


Test Name:
Factor V Leiden Mutation andPT 20210 Mutation


Test Name:
Factor V Leiden mutation: Activated protein C resistance


Why:
To screen for bleeding from the gut/intestine, which may be an indicator of bowel cancer

When:
The test is used to screen for bowel cancer especially as part of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. It may also sometimes be used when a patient has a family history of cancer of the intestine and some other organs, when symptoms are suspicious of gut cancer or to help diagnose long-term unexplained anaemia if imaging tests, such as colonoscopy, are unavailable.

Test Prep:
For guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) special dental, dietary and drug restrictions may be recommended. These tests detect any blood that enters the digestive tract. Therefore, steps that are taken to avoid introducing blood into the digestive tract will increase

Test General info:
The faecal occult blood test (FOB) or faecal immunological test (FIT) checks for blood in your faeces. Normally, there will not be enough blood lost through the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines) to turn a FOB positive or for you to notice it

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Bowel cancer
Screening: Screening Tests for Adults (50 and up)
In the News: Five-minute screen at sixty can cut bowel cancer deaths


Test Name:
Faecal Occult Blood Test and Faecal Immunochemical Test


Why:
To learn about the levels of iron stored in your body

When:
When your doctor suspects that  you have either too little or too much iron or too much iron in your system

Test Prep:
You may be instructed to fast for 12 hours before the test; in this case, only water is permitted.
The Test

Test General info:
Within cells, iron is stored as protein complexes called ferritin and haemosiderin. Ferritin is the main storage complex and is present mostly in the liver, but also in the bone marrow, spleen, and muscles. Small amounts of ferritin also circulate in the

Related Diseases:
Tests: Iron Tests Overview
Conditions: Anaemia, haemochromatosis


Formal Name:
First Trimester Screen [Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as either free beta subunit or total hCG, and nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound]

Related Tests:
Triple Screen or Quad Screen; hCG; Amniotic Fluid Analysis; Chromosome Analysis

Why:
To assess the risk of a foetus having a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).

When:
Usually between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy.

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm. Measurement of nuchal translucency (NT) requires a special ultrasound examination to be performed.

Test Prep:
You may be requested to have a full bladder when having the nuchal translucency ultrasound scan performed. Having a full bladder when you attend for your scan usually makes it easier to see the baby clearly and measure the nuchal translucency.
The Test

Test General info:
The first trimester screen is a combination of two blood tests and a special ultrasound scan that are used to assess a pregnant woman`s risk of carrying a baby with Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21). Performing and evaluating them together, along with the woma


Test Name:
First Trimester Screen Down’s Syndrome Screen


Related Tests:
Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose

Why:
To measure the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood in order to establish the correct dose, maintain therapeutic levels and detect toxic levels

When:
As soon as tacrolimus therapy begins, frequently at first then at regular intervals to monitor concentrations over time

Test Prep:
Have the blood sample collected 12 hours after the last dose and/or immediately prior to the next dose or as directed by your doctor
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of tacrolimus in the blood. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally or intravenously to patients who have had a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ transplant. It is a powerful drug that helps to prevent

Related Diseases:
Tests: Ciclosporin; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Urea; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Potassium; Magnesium; Glucose
Features: Pharmacogenomics


Why:
To identify the type or strain of flu virus that you have

When:
If your doctor wants to determine whether your flu-like symptoms are due to a particular type or strain of the influenza virus, or due to other causes

Sample Type:
Usually a nose or throat swab
The Test Sample

Test General info:
Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that tends to be seasonal, beginning in late November and disappearing in early spring. It is a common respiratory (affecting the lungs) illness that causes headaches, fever, chills, muscle pains, exhaustion, a stu


Test Name:
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody , ANA ELISA


Other Names:
Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin; Folic Acid; RBC folate

Related Tests:
FBC; Methylmalonic acid (MMA); Homocysteine

Why:
To help diagnose the cause of anaemia or neuropathy (nerve damage), to evaluate nutritional status in some patients, to monitor effectiveness of treatment for B12 or folate deficiency

When:
When you have large red blood cells, when you have symptoms of anaemia and/or of neuropathy. When you are being treated for B12 or folate deficiency

Test General info:
These tests measure the concentration of folate and vitamin B12 in the serum (liquid portion of the blood). The amount of folate inside the red blood cell (RBC) may also be measured - it will normally be at a higher concentration inside the cell than in t

Related Diseases:
Tests: FBC, Coeliac disease tests, Homocysteine, Methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Conditions: Anaemia, Alcoholism, Autoimmune disorders, Coeliac disease, Cystic fibrosis, HIV, Neuropathy,Pregnancy


Why:
To evaluate the function of your pituitary gland, which regulates the hormones that control your reproductive system

When:
If you are having difficulty getting pregnant or are having irregular menstrual periods, if your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a pituitary, ovarian or testicular or hypothalamic disorder or when your doctor suspects that a child has delayed or earlier than expected sexual maturation.

Test Prep:
No, but in a women, the sample should be taken in the first 4 days of her cycle.
The Test

Test General info:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of FSH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophin-r

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Infertility, menopause
Tests: LH, oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone


Why:
To diagnose hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adults and to monitor response to treatment

When:
When you have symptoms of an underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism) thyroid gland

Test General info:
This test measures free thyroxine, or FT4, in your blood.  Thyroxine is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other is called triiodothyronine (T3)). Within the blood, most thyroid hormones are attached to a protein, but it is the h


When:
If you get an abnormal TSH , T4 or FT4 result

Test Prep:
None needed; however, certain medications can interfere with the FT3 test, so tell your doctor about any drugs that you are taking
The Test

Test General info:
The test measures the amount of free triiodothyronine, or FT3, in your blood.
T3 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other hormone is called thyroxine, or T4). The thyroid gland is found in the neck, in front of the windpipe.


Other Names:
Glycated Serum Protein (GSP); Glycated Albumin

Why:
To help monitor your diabetes over time, especially if it is not possible to monitor using the HbA1C test; to help determine the effectiveness of changes to your diabetic treatment plan

When:
When you are diabetic and your doctor wants to evaluate your average blood glucose level over the last 2-3 weeks

Test General info:
The fructosamine test is a measurement of glycated protein, mainly albumin. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated over a period of time, glucose molecules permanently combine with proteins in the blood in a process called glycation. Affected prote


When:
If you have symptoms of a syphilis infection, if you have another STD, or are pregnant

Sample Type:
Usually a scraping from a chancre (ulcer or sore) in the affected area, a blood sample from a vein in your arm, or a spinal tap (lumbar puncture), depending on the test being used
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It is easily treated but can cause severe health problems if left untreated.


Formal Name:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white stain

Related Tests:
AFB smear and culture, CSF analysis, Susceptibility testing, Gram stain, Bacterial wound culture

Why:
To detect a fungal infection, to determine which specific fungus or fungi are present, and sometimes to isolate and grow the fungi for subsequent susceptibility testing

When:
When the doctor suspects that you have a skin, lung, or systemic fungal infection; sometimes after treatment to monitor its effectiveness

Sample Type:
The sample collected depends upon the suspected location(s) of the infection. It typically includes: scrapings of the skin, nail and hair samples, fluids, blood, and/or a tissue biopsy.

Test General info:
Fungi are microorganisms that exist in nature as either yeast or moulds. There are more than 50,000 species of fungi in the environment, but less than 200 species are associated with human disease. Of these, only about 20 to 25 species are common causes o

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and skin infections, Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Lung diseases, Traveler’s diseases


Related Tests:
FBC; Blood film; Reticulocyte count; Bilirubin; RBC count; Haemoglobin; Autohaemolysis test; Heinz body stain

Why:
To see whether you have an inherited deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD), necessary to keep red blood cells healthy

When:
If a child has long term jaundice as a newborn and no other cause can be identified; when you have had one or more bouts of haemolysis (break-up of red blood cells, which may cause jaundice, dark urine or anaemia), particularly if the haemolysis follows ``oxidative`` stress caused by some medicines, foods, or infections

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of G6PD in the red blood cells (RBCs). G6PD is an  enzyme that protects red blood cells from the effects of oxidation. If there is insufficient G6PD, the RBCs become more vulnerable to oxidative damage. If these RBCs are expo

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Anaemia
Screening:  Screening Tests for Newborns


Related Tests:
AST; ALT; ALP; bilirubin; liver function tests (LFTs)

Why:
To screen for liver disease or alcohol abuse; and to help your doctor tell whether a raised concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the bloodstream is due to liver or bone disease

When:
If your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a liver disorder/disease

Test General info:
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. When the liver is injured or the flow of bile is obstructed, the concentration of GGT within the bloodstream rises. It is therefore a useful marker for detecting bile duct problems.


Why:
To detect an overproduction of gastrin, to help diagnose Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZE syndrome), to help diagnose multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and to monitor for recurrence of a gastrin-producing tumour (gastrinoma)

When:
When you have peptic ulcers and/or diarrhoea and abdominal pain that your doctor suspects is caused by excess gastrin; periodically to monitor for a gastrinoma recurrence

Test Prep:
You should fast for 12 hours and avoid alcohol for 24 hours prior to the test. Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking certain stomach medicines for several days before the test.
The Test

Test General info:
This test measures the amount of gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called G-cells in the stomach during the digestive process. When food is eaten, the stomach b


Why:
To screen for infection with HPV, some types of which are associated with cervical cancer

When:
If you are sexually active, have symptoms of HPV infection (genital warts), or have an irregular cervical smear test

Sample Type:
A sampling of cells from the cervical area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV), a virus that can cause skin warts and genital warts (also called condylomata) and that has been linked to cervical, penile, and other forms of genital cancer.

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Sexually transmitted diseases, Cervical cancer


Why:
To determine if you have had a recent or past infection with the rubella virus, or to check that you are protected from the rubella virus

When:
If you plan to get pregnant or have symptoms of rubella infection

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm (this may need to be repeated after 7 days), oral fluid, a throat swab, or other more invasive samples such as amniotic fluid depending on symptoms.

Test General info:
Rubella is a viral infection that causes a fine red rash and flu-like symptoms, such as a high temperature, headache and a general feeling of being unwell. The raised red rash appears first on the face and neck and travels to the body and limbs. Teenagers


Other Names:
GH; Human Growth Hormone (HGH); Somatotropin

Related Tests:
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1; also called Somatomedin C); GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone); Glucose Tolerance Test; Cortisol; ACTH; TSH; Glucose; Prolactin

Why:
To identify diseases and conditions caused by either a deficiency or overproduction of growth hormone (GH), to evaluate pituitary function, and to monitor the effectiveness of GH treatment

When:
As part of an evaluation of pituitary function. Slow growth in stature, delayed development (in children), decreased bone density and/or muscle strength, and increased lipids (in adults) all could be related to insufficient GH production. Symptoms suggestive of gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults may be a result of excess GH production

Sample Type:
Usually several blood samples are taken at timed intervals from veins in your arm. Sometimes a single sample of blood is required following a fast or after a period of strenuous exercise

Test Prep:
In healthy adults, GH levels remain stable, but rise sharply 3-4 hours after a meal and within 60 minutes after the onset of sleep. One sample should therefore be taken fasting.
The Test

Test General info:
Growth hormone (GH) is essential for a child’s normal growth and development and promotes proper long bone growth from birth through puberty. Children with insufficient GH production grow more slowly and are smaller in size for their age; one of the first

Related Diseases:
Tests: ACTH, IGF-1, Prolactin, T4, TSH, Cortisol, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Glucose
Conditions: Pituitary Disorders, Thyroid Diseases


Why:
To monitor a person’s diabetes and to help treatment decisions. It can also be used to diagnose type 2 diabetes.

When:
When first diagnosed with diabetes and then at least twice a year

Test General info:
Some of the glucose in your blood binds to haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in your red blood cells). This combination of glucose and haemoglobin is called haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The amount of HbA1c formed is directly related to the average


Why:
To screen for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea

When:
If you have symptoms of gonorrhoea or are pregnant

Sample Type:
A swab of secretion or discharge from the infected area
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test is looking for evidence of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is easily treated but can cause severe reproductive and health problems if left untreated.


Related Tests:
Cholesterol; LDL; Triglycerides; Lipid profile

Why:
To find out the risk of developing heart disease

When:
As part of a health check with a cholesterol test or lipid profile particularly if you:
have a family history of cholesterol disorders 
have a family history of heart attacks, especially at a young age 
are overweight 
have diabetes 
have thick yellow patches (xanthelasmata) around your eyes or elsewhere on your skin (xanthomata) 
have high blood pressure 
have had acute inflammation of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis) 
are a smoker

Sample Type:
A blood sample taken from a vein in the arm or from a finger-prick
The Test Sample

Test General info:
HDL is one of the classes of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. HDL is thought to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal. Hence HDL cholesterol is often called “good” choles


Related Tests:
Susceptibility Testing, Bacterial Wound Culture, Blood Culture, CSF Analysis, Urine Culture, AFB Smear and Culture, Gonorrhoea, Stool Culture, Fungal Tests, Sputum Culture, Synovial Fluid Analysis, Pleural Fluid Analysis, Pericardial Fluid Analysis, Perit

Why:
To identify the cause of a bacterial infection so appropriate treatment can be given

When:
If your doctor suspects that you have a bacterial infection

Sample Type:
A swab of cells or fluid taken from the site of infection
The Test Sample

Test General info:
A Gram stain is used to determine if bacteria are present in an area of the body that is normally sterile, such as spinal fluid. A sample from the infected area is smeared on a glass slide and allowed to dry. A series of stains are applied and then the st

Related Diseases:
Conditions: Wound and Skin Infections, Staph Wound Infections, Meningitis and Encephalitis, Fungal Infections, PID, Septic Arthritis, Urinary Tract Infection, Pneumonia, Sepsis


Formal Name:
Group A streptococcus; Group A beta haemolytic streptococcus; streptococcus pyogenes

Why:
To diagnose a possible bacterial infection of the throat (usually Streptococcus pyogene)

When:
If you have a sore throat and fever and your doctor thinks it may have a bacterial cause (although most sore throats are caused by viruses and won`t require antibiotics)

Sample Type:
A swab brushed against your throat and tonsils
The Test Sample

Test General info:
The test identifies Streptococcus pyogenes, known as Group A streptococcus, which are bacteria that infect the back of the throat and are a common cause for an infected and sore throat. Whilst group A Streptococcus is the commonest bacterial cause of a se


Test Name:
HCV, Hepatitis C antibody, Anti-HCV, Hepatitis C viral load, HCV-RNA


Test Name:
Cholesterol, high-density (HDL) (low level)


Test Name:
Cholesterol, low-density (LDL) (high level)


Test Name:
High-sensitivity cardiac-specific Troponins I and T


Test Name:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2


Test Name:
Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test


Test Name:
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry or Immunohistochemistry


Test Name:
LFTs, Liver panel, Hepatic function tests


Test Name:
Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus screening


Test Name:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG and IgM antibodies


Test Name:
Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor status


Test Name:
Often referred to by brand name Rapamune


Test Name:
or by the individual factor number or name


Test Name:
Peripheral blood smear, manual differential, red blood cell morphology


Test Name:
Potassium hydroxide preparation, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen and antibody tests, and Calcofluor white stain


Test Name:
Serum Cortisol, Urine Cortisol, Urinary Free Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol


Test Name:
Serum Protein Electrophoresis , Urine Protein Electrophoresis , IFE


Test Name:
Serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein electrophoresis


Test Name:
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody


Test Name:
Total bilirubin, conjugated or direct bilirubin, unconjugated or indirect bilirubin


Test Name:
Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio or ACR


Test Name:
Urine Protein and Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio


# Tests1

Test Name:
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), quantitative


Test Name:
Brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP)


Other Names:
Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin; Folic Acid; RBC folate


Test Name:
d-Xylose level 2 h after ingestion of 25 g of d-xylose


NR Conventional:
Increased fragility if hemolysis occurs in > 0.5% NaCl


NR Conventional:
Decreased fragility if hemolysis is incomplete in 0.3% NaCl


Test Name:
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT)


Test Name:
Platelet life span, using chromium-51 (51Cr)


Test Name:
Renin activity, plasma (PRA), upright, in males and females aged 18–39 yr:


Other Names:
total iron-binding capacity; total iron saturation; transferrin saturation; unsaturated iron-binding capacity


Test Name:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adult males


Other Names:
Glycated Serum Protein (GSP); Glycated Albumin


Test Name:
N-Terminal propeptide of BNP (NT-proBNP)


Other Names:
Search
Help? Tests List of all tests and acronyms Test not listed? 5-HIAA 17-Hydroxyprogesterone ACE ACR ACT ACTH Adenosine Deaminase ADH AFB Smear and Culture AFP Tumour Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergy Test ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT AMA Ammonia Amn


Other Names:
C1; C1q; C2; C3; C4; Total Complement; CH50; CH100; Total Haemolytic Complement Activity; C1 esterase inhibitor


Other Names:
Cu, 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-caeruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper


NR Conventional:
> 18 μg/dL and usually ≥ 8 μg/dL above baseline

NR SI:
> 498 nmol/L and usually ≥ 221 nmol/L above baseline


Test Name:
C-reactive protein, highly sensitive (hsCRP)


Other Names:
Fragment D-dimer; Cross-linked fibrin degradation product (XDP)


Test Name:
Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Hb F in children:


Test Name:
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol Some Trade Names


Other Names:
Serum ketone; Plasma ketone; Beta-hydroxybutyrate; Ketone bodies; Ketoacids; Beta-hydroxybutyric acid; Acetoacetate; Acetoacetic acid; Acetone


Test Name:
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)


Test Name:
Prostate-specific antigen, ratio of free to total (PSA-F:PSA-T)


Test Name:
Protein C resistance, activated ratio (APC-R)


Test Name:
Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (AENA)


Test Name:
Anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies


Test Name:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; arginine Some Trade Names


Test Name:
Anti–double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies, IgG


Test Name:
Anti–smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) titer


Test Name:
Therapeutic range (standard intensity therapy)


Test Name:
Therapeutic range in patients at higher risk (eg, patients with prosthetic heart valves)


Test Name:
Therapeutic range in patients with lupus anticoagulant


NR Conventional:
> 15 mg/dL increase in plasma glucose level

NR SI:
> 0.83 mmol/L increase in plasma glucose level

Other Names:
Hydrogen Breath Test; Lactose Breath Test; Disaccharide Absorption Test; Oral Lactose Tolerance


Test Name:
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score

NR Conventional:
13–130/100/ polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte neutrophils and bands


Test Name:
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)


